Description: personen met geassocieerde notities
Matches 1 to 800 of 21535 » Comma-delimited CSV file
# | Person ID | Last Name | First Name | Birth Date | Death Date | Living | note | Tree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I822942 | ..djew.. | About -900 | Date unknown | 0 | savenije | ||
2 | I796948 | Aaron | -1354 | Date unknown | 0 | wird 1269, im Jahr nach dem Exodus zum Hohepriester gesalbt Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
3 | I825868 | Abas | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
4 | I796758 | Abba | About 310 | Date unknown | 0 | Exilarch 350-370 Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
5 | I867671 | Abdallah | About 580 | Wednesday 23 March 625 | 0 | gefallen | savenije | |
6 | I867671 | Abdallah | About 580 | Wednesday 23 March 625 | 0 | Religion: Muslim | savenije | |
7 | I826014 | Abigail | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
8 | I826082 | Abihail | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
9 | I796945 | Abischua | About -1260 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
10 | I826034 | Abishai | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
11 | I826017 | Abital | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
12 | I843594 | Abiud | About -300 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
13 | I825791 | Abub | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
14 | I816851 | Acacius | Date unknown | About 502 | 0 | Bärenwärter im Hippodrom von Konstantinopel, starb, als seine älteste Tochter sieben Jahre alt war Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
15 | I818074 | Accia | About 150 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
16 | I834991 | Accius | About 100 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
17 | I818075 | Accius Iulianus | About 125 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. suff. Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
18 | I834992 | Accius Sura | About 70 | Date unknown | 0 | praet. um 100 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
19 | I830101 | Acharda | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
20 | I822797 | Acheprure | About -1409 | Date unknown | 0 | vielleicht Sohn Thutmosis IV. | savenije | |
21 | I837313 | Achtan | About 155 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
22 | I834481 | Acilia | About 145 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
23 | I834479 | Acilia Frestana | About 170 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
24 | I834443 | Acilius Aviola | About -30 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
25 | I834443 | Acilius Aviola | About -30 | Date unknown | 0 | n. Chr. | savenije | |
26 | I834443 | Acilius Aviola | About -30 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. suff. um 31 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
27 | I825277 | Acilius Faustinus | About 275 | Date unknown | 0 | c.v. Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
28 | I825278 | Acilius Glabrio | About 250 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
29 | I825275 | Acilius Glabrio | About 330 | Date unknown | 0 | c.v. Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
30 | I825270 | Acilius Glabrio Sibidius | About 365 | Date unknown | 0 | vic. Gall. um 400 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
31 | I832838 | Ada | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | 5.3. | savenije | |
32 | I832838 | Ada | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
33 | I857144 | Adael | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
34 | I796850 | Adaja | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Priester in Bozkat, Aaronite Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
35 | I829180 | Adalbert | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
36 | I792919 | Adalbert I. | About 730 | Date unknown | 0 | Graf 759-808 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
37 | I792918 | Adalbert II. | About 765 | Date unknown | 0 | Graf um 803-um 829 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
38 | I792773 | Adalhard I. | About 803 | Date unknown | 0 | Seneschall Ks. Ludwigs I. 831, Laienabt v. St. Martin in Tours vor 840-844, Laienabt v. St. Quentin ab 844, 849 Laienabt v. Echternach, Stablo-Malmédy, St. Maximin in Trier, St. Vaast zu Arras u. Verwalter v. Lorsch, Urkunde 831-865 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
39 | I793044 | Adalhelm | About 650 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
40 | I23185 | Adallind | About 781 | Date unknown | 0 | Konkubine Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
41 | I868861 | Adaltrud | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 770-778 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
42 | I830383 | Adda | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | 1.7. | savenije | |
43 | I830383 | Adda | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | als Witwe Nonne Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
44 | I794294 | Adda-Guppi | -649 | Date unknown | 0 | 103 Jahre | savenije | |
45 | I796918 | Addi | About -665 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
46 | I793325 | Adela | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | gründet als Witwe das Kloster Alsleben und wird dort Nonne mit ihrer Schwägerin Tetta Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
47 | I793461 | Adela | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
48 | I793712 | Adela | About 980 | Date unknown | 0 | He married Adelaide, a relative of Lanfranco, count of Aucia [4] and they had a son, Alberto Azzo II d'Este. Translated from the Italian wikipedia |
savenije | |
49 | I823873 | Adelaida | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
50 | I31047 | Adelaide | About 883 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
51 | I31084 | Adelaïde | About 940 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
52 | I433911 | Adelania | About 935 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
53 | I829381 | Adelasia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
54 | I792592 | Adele | About 618 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
55 | I879436 | Adelhard | About 1015 | Date unknown | 0 | 1048 Vogt des Wormser Hochstifts Haiger Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
56 | I792718 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
57 | I793245 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1043 Wwe. Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
58 | I814800 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1382 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
59 | I820387 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1335 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
60 | I823652 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
61 | I823685 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
62 | I829191 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
63 | I829806 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Gfn. v. Substantion 1066 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
64 | I830266 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
65 | I831057 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
66 | I835431 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
67 | I848250 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1314 tot Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
68 | I852510 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1003/11-1013 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
69 | I855093 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1238 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
70 | I856259 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1262, 1327 tot, 1262 als Ministerialin mit zwei Kindern vom Grafen von Kleve an die Äbtissin von Essen vertauscht. Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
71 | I856279 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
72 | I863555 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
73 | I868847 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | 6.2. | savenije | |
74 | I868847 | Adelheid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | aus Sachsen Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
75 | I815692 | Adelheidis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1184 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
76 | I834491 | Adelphia | About 340 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
77 | I817812 | Adelphia | About 410 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
78 | I842055 | Adelphius | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Bf. v. Arabissos Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
79 | I842059 | Adelphius | About 370 | Date unknown | 0 | 406 Gastgeber des Hl. Johannes Chrysostomos Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
80 | I792510 | Adelphius | About 380 | Date unknown | 0 | oder sein Bruder Hermogenianus | savenije | |
81 | I817978 | Adeodata | About 372 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
82 | I793433 | Adila | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
83 | I836444 | Adilio | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
84 | I843683 | Adoa | About 580 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Muslim | savenije | |
85 | I822369 | Adolald | 602 | Date unknown | 0 | Mitkg. 604, König d. Langobarden 615-626 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
86 | I826027 | Adonija | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
87 | I819721 | Adralestos | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
88 | I819719 | Adralestos | About 850 | Date unknown | 0 | dom. sch. 920-921 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
89 | I834442 | Aedia Servilla | About 30 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
90 | I817699 | Aelia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
91 | I816898 | Aelia | About -15 | Date unknown | 0 | vor Chr. | savenije | |
92 | I816898 | Aelia | About -15 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
93 | I838099 | Aelia Domitia Paulina Minor | 75 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
94 | I816669 | Aelia Eudoxia | About 380 | Wednesday 06 October 404 | 0 | an den Folgen einer Fehlgeburt | savenije | |
95 | I816669 | Aelia Eudoxia | About 380 | Wednesday 06 October 404 | 0 | Apostelbasilika | savenije | |
96 | I816669 | Aelia Eudoxia | About 380 | Wednesday 06 October 404 | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
97 | I816670 | Aelia Flavia Flacilla | 355 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
98 | I816661 | Aelia Galla Placidia | 388 | Sunday 27 November 450 | 0 | alter Petersdom, Mausoleum in Ravenna (unbenutzt) | savenije | |
99 | I816661 | Aelia Galla Placidia | 388 | Sunday 27 November 450 | 0 | Regentin 421/25-437 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
100 | I817031 | Aelia Hadriana | About 30 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
101 | I823086 | Aelia Marciana Euphemia | About 430 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
102 | I825981 | Aelia Verina | About 432 | 484 | 0 | 488 umgebettet nach Konstantinopel | savenije | |
103 | I825981 | Aelia Verina | About 432 | 484 | 0 | Aelia Verina (died 484) was the Empress consort of Leo I of the Byzantine Empire. She was a sister of Basiliscus. Her daughter Ariadne was Empress consort of first Zeno and then Anastasius I. Verina was the maternal grandmother of Leo II. Family The origins of Verina and her brother Basiliscus are unknown. They are considered likely to have ancestry in the Balkans [1] but nothing more specific is known. They are assumed to have at least one sister as a hagiography of Daniel the Stylite names a brother-in-law of Verina and Basiliscus as Zuzus.[2] Stefan Krautschick in his historical work Zwei Aspekte des Jahres 476 (1986) advanced a theory that the two siblings were related to Odoacer, the first barbarian King of Italy.[3] The theory relies on passage 209.1 in the fragmentary chronicle of John of Antioch, a 7th-century monk. The chronicler has been tentatively identified with John of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 641 to 648.[4] The passage records the assassination of Armatus by Onoulphus. Based on interpretation Odoacer was brother to either Onoulphus alone or to both men. The second interpretation was introduced by Krautschick and has gained the support of (among others) Alexander Demandt and Patrick Amory. Armatus was identified as nephew of Verina and Basiliscus in other Byzantine sources, including a hagiography of Daniel the Stylite [5] and the Suda. The theory would make both Onoulphus and Odoacer nephews of Verina and Basiliscus.[3] However a counterargument to the theory is given by Penny Macgeorge in her own study Late Roman Warlords (2003), pages 284-285, based on the silence of both John Malalas and Malchus on a blood relation of Odoacer to the House of Leo. Both historians were chronologically closer to the recorded events than John of Antioch. If accepted the theory of Krautschick would give Verina a barbarian origin. Her ancestry would still be uncertain due to contradictory accounts on the ancestry of Odoacer. Various sources have identified him as one of the Goths, the Rugians, the Scirii and the Thuringii.[3] All four were Germanic peoples, with the Goths, Rugians and Scirii grouped by ethnologists within the East Germanic tribes. His father Edeko was leader of the Scirii but it is unclear if he was born in the tribe or married into it. Other sources identify Edeko as one of the Huns, possibly because of his service under Attila the Hun.[3] According to Amory, the varying ethnographic identities of both men may reflect both their mixed ancestry and their political association with the various groups. The presence of Verina in the Roman court has been attributed by Demandt to "the osmosis of the late Roman and Germanic aristocracies". In other words, the practice of intermarriage between the Roman military aristocracy and the dynasties derived from it on the one hand and various Germanic families of foederati.[3] Marriage Verina married Leo, a Thraco-Roman officer of the East Roman army. According to Jordanes and John Malalas, her husband was one of the Bessi, a tribe of Thracians. Theodorus Lector, Theophanes the Confessor, Georgios Kedrenos and Michael the Syrian report Leo born in Thrace. However the Bibliotheca of Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople quotes Candidus in placing his birthplace in Dacia.[6] Leo was not from a prominent family. His only known relation prior to his marriage was a sister named Euphemia. According to Patria, attributed to George Codinus, Euphemia never married. She resided in Constantinople and was visited by her brother on a weekly basis. She reportedly erected a statue in honor of her brother. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire notes that the source is not considered particularly reliable.[6] The Patria was written during the reign of Basil II (976–1025) and revised during the Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118). So at least five centuries separate the time of Leo and Euphemia and this written account of their relationship. Verina and Leo had three children. Their eldest daughter Ariadne was born prior to the death of Marcian (reigned 450–457).[7] Ariadne had a younger sister, Leontia. Leontia was first betrothed to Julius Patricius, a son of Aspar, but their engagement was probably annulled when Aspar and another of his sons, Ardabur, were assassinated in 471. Leontia then married Marcian, a son of Anthemius and Marcia Euphemia. The couple led a failed revolt against Zeno in 478–479. They were exiled to Isauria following their defeat.[6] An unnamed son was born in 463. He died five months following his birth. The only sources about him are a horoscope by Rhetorius and a hagiography of Daniel the Stylite.[6] Empress consort In January, 457 Marcian succumbed to a disease, allegedly gangrene. He was survived by his daughter Euphemia and his son-in-law Anthemius.[8] Leo was at this point the tribune of the Mattiarii, a regiment wielding the mattea (Latin for mace) as their weapon. Marcian had been proclaimed an Augustus as consort of Pulcheria, a member of the Theodosian dynasty. With his death the dynastic succession ended. His only daughter was from a previous marriage and thus not considered heiress to the dynasty. The Byzantine army and the Byzantine Senate had to elect a new Augustus. Aspar, the magister militum ("Master of soldiers") of the Eastern Roman Empire, was unable to claim the throne for himself due to his origins and religious affiliations.[9] He was one of the Alans, a Sarmatian tribe. Though his family had served in the Roman military for generations, Aspar was still considered a barbarian. He was also an adherent of Arianism while the majority of the ruling class of the Eastern Roman Empire had accepted the Nicene Creed. Therefore, an unpopular choice for the throne. Aspar used his influence in order to be become a kingmaker, having earlier engineered the elevation of Marcian who had served a middler-rank officer under him. He was able to pick a candidate among his own subordinate officers, probably counting on their continued loyalty. He chose Leo and the Senate accepted the choice.[9] On 7 February 457, Leo was crowned by Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople, the first such coronation known to involve a Patriarch.[7] At this point Verina became the Empress consort. She probably added "Aelia" to her name at her proclamation as an Augusta. The name had become standard for Augustas of the Theodosian dynasty.[10] In 461, Leo founded the Excubitors as a counterbalance to the Germanic soldiers under Aspar. He recruited the majority of its members from among the sturdy and warlike Isaurians. In 466, Tarasicodissa, an Isaurian officer of the Excubitors came forth with evidence that Ardabur, a son of Aspar, was guilty of treason.[11] The scandal caused a rift in the relations of Leo and Aspar, leaving the former relying even more on the Excubitors. In 467, the alliance of Leo and Tarasicodissa was sealed with the marriage of Ariadne to the officer. To make himself more acceptable to the Roman hierarchy and the native Greek-speaking population of Constantinople, the new son-in-law of the imperial couple changed his name to Zeno. Their only known son of Ariadne and Zeno, Leo II, was born within the year. In 471, Aspar and Ardabur were murdered within the Great Palace of Constantinople by orders of Leo. Leo earned the nickname "Macelles" (the Butcher) for the manner of the deaths.[6] Zeno was left by default as the main supporter of Leo within the Byzantine army.[7] Leo II was proclaimed Caesar in October, 473 and effectively became the designated heir to the throne by virtue of being the closest male relative of Leo I. On 18 January 474, Leo I died of dysentery. Their grandson immediately succeeded him.[12] Verina remained at the Palace. Widowed empress Since Leo II was too young to rule himself, Verina and Ariadne prevailed upon him to crown Zeno as co-emperor, which he did on February 9, 474. When Leo became ill and died on November 17, Zeno became sole emperor with Ariadne as his Empress consort. Verina was not content in the role of a widow. According to both Candidus and John of Antioch, she found a lover in the person of Patricius, a former Praetorian prefect.[10] Verina had originally supported Zeno while the young emperor Leo II was still alive. Not long after her grandson's death, Verina turned against her son-in-law. John Malalas attributes her hostility to an argument between them over a request the senior Augusta had made on her son-in-law. Malalas does not clarify what was the request. A modern interpretation suggests that the request concerned her second marriage to Patricius. Which Zeno had reasons to refuse to prevent Patricius from emerging as a rival candidate for the throne.[10] Verina conspired against Zeno with her lover Patricius, her brother Basiliscus, the Isaurian general Illus, and general Theodoric Strabo, forcing Zeno to flee Constantinople in 475. Zeno fled to his native lands, bringing with him some of the Isaurians living in Constantinople, and the imperial treasury. Basiliscus was then acclaimed as Augustus on 9 January 475[13] at the Hebdomon palace, by the palace ministers and the Senate. John of Antioch and the hagiography of Daniel the Stylite imply that Verina was tricked in supporting the conspiracy. Candidus and John of Antioch report that Verina was hoping to use the conspiracy to replace Zeno with Patricius, restoring herself to the position of Empress consort in the process. However, Basiliscus was crowned as soon as Zeno had abandoned the city. According to Malalas, Verina had to crown Basiliscus herself as the only person of imperial rank present within the capital. There is some doubt whether the description of Verina's motivation by Candidus and John of Antioch was accurate or just reflected the hostility of the chroniclers to her.[10] Whatever the case, Patricius served early in the new reign as the Magister Officiorum. Eventually, Basiliscus ordered the death of Patricius, as the officer was a natural candidate to overthrow the new emperor. Consequently, Verina later intrigued against Basiliscus, seeking revenge for her lover's execution.[14] According to Candidus, after the death of Patricius, Verina intrigued in favour of Zeno, but her plan was discovered by Basiliscus, and only the intercession of Armatus spared her life.[10] In 476, both Illus and Armatus defected to the side of Zeno, who, in August, besieged Constantinople. Theodoric the Amal (later known as Theodoric the Great), the leader of the Pannonian Goths, had allied to Zeno. Theodoric would have attacked Basiliscus and his Thracian Goth foederati led by Theodoric Strabo, receiving, in exchange, the title of magister militum held by Strabo and the payments previously given to the Thracian Goths. It has been suggested that Constantinople was defenseless during Zeno's siege because the Magister Militum Strabo had moved north to counter this menace. The Senate opened the gates of the city to Zeno, allowing the deposed emperor to retake the throne with Ariadne as his Empress consort. Rivalry with Illus The brief reign of Basiliscus does not seem to have resulted in lasting hatred between Verina and either Zeno or Ariadne. However it did result in hatred between Verina and Illus. The hagiography of Daniel the Stylite considers Illus responsible for pulling Verina into the initial conspiracy while hiding its actual goals. He was, in her mind, directly or indirectly responsible for the death of Patricius.[10] In 477, a first assassination attempt on Illus was prevented by a slave. Though primary sources do not associate Verina with it, later historians have suggested that this was indeed the case. In 478, a second assassination attempt on Illus was prevented by Epinicus, a long-time favourite of Verina. Epinicus allowed Illus custody of the prisoner and the interrogation resulted in a confession implicating Verina.[10] Illus recuperated from the attack in his native Isauria and reportedly refused to return to Constantinople while Verina was still residing in the Palace. Zeno agreed to banish her from the capital and she indeed never returned during her life. According to John of Antioch, Verina was at first confined in a monastery located at Tarsus. She was then sent first to Dalisandus (two namesake cities existed in Isauria and Pamphylia) and secondly to Cherris in Isauria.[10] In 478-479, the revolt of Marcian, a son of Anthemius took place. He was married to Leontia, the second daughter of Leo I and Verina. His claim to the throne relied on his wife being a Porphyrogenita. In theory Leontia outranking her older sister Ariadne who was born previous to the elevation of her parents to the throne. Marcian and his brothers Procopius and Romulus launched their coup d'état in Constantinople. They were besieging the palace when Illus arrived with reinforcements from Chalcedon. John of Antioch attributes the entire revolt to Verina but the actual extent of her involvement is uncertain.[10] In 480, Verina was still confined in Isauria under the custody of Illus. However she was able to correspond with Ariadne and convinced her daughter to intervene on her behalf. Ariadne endeavoured to obtain her release, first from Zeno, and then from Illus, to whom the emperor referred her. Illus not only refused her request, but charged her with wishing to place another person on her husband's throne. This irritated her; and she, like her mother, attempted to assassinate Illus. Jordanes ascribes her hatred to another cause: he says that Illus had infused jealous suspicions into Zeno's mind which had led Zeno to try an attempt on her life, and that her knowledge of these things stimulated her to revenge. The assassin whom she employed failed to kill Illus, but cut off his ear in the attempt. The assassin was taken, and Zeno, who appears to have been privy to the affair, was unable to prevent his execution.[10][15] Alliance with Illus In 483 or 484, Illus rose in rebellion against Zeno. Verina still had her imperial rank and so could still crown another Augustus. He released her from confinement and had her crown Leontius, a general, as an Augustus in Tarsus.[10] The revolt also had religious meaning as the rebels were Chalcedonian Christians while Zeno was an adherent of Monophysitism.[16] John Malalas describes that Verina joined the new alliance with fervor, corresponding with various cities and trying to win their support for the revolt. However, there is some doubt over the sincerity of both her new convictions and her political "friendship" with her old enemy. She may in effect have still been Illus' prisoner and acted under his command to preserve her safety. She notably did not join Leontius and Illus in their campaign for Antioch but was sent to the fortress of Papyrius in Isauria.[10] The revolt failed to gain sufficient support and the rebels had to withdraw from Antioch back to Papyrius. Zeno sent an army including both Romans and Ostrogoths under John the Scythian which managed to defeat them. The fort was besieged from 484 to 488. Verina died early in the siege [16] Whether her death was violent or not is uncertain. According to Malalas, when the siege ended the corpse of Verina was recovered and sent to Ariadne for burial.[10] Possible descendants The Georgian Chronicle, a 13th-century compilation drawing from earlier sources, reports a marriage of Vakhtang I of Iberia to Princess Helena of Byzantium, identifying her as a daughter of the predecessor of Zeno.[17] This predecessor was probably Leo I, the tale attributing a third daughter to Verina. Cyril Toumanoff identified two children of this marriage. Mithridates of Iberia and Leo of Iberia. This younger Leo was father of Guaram I of Iberia. The accuracy of the descent is unknown. |
savenije | |
104 | I842092 | Aelia Zenonis | Date unknown | About 476 | 0 | im Winter, verhungert | savenije | |
105 | I842092 | Aelia Zenonis | Date unknown | About 476 | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
106 | I29923 | Aélis | About 866 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
107 | I817014 | Aelius Afer | About 15 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
108 | I823137 | Aelius Iunius Rufinus | About 90 | Date unknown | 0 | procos. Maced. 117/138 | savenije | |
109 | I870483 | Aelthryth | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 804-821 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
110 | I825209 | Aemilia | About 80 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
111 | I825205 | Aemilia Clara | About 120 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
112 | I816717 | Aemilia Lepida | About -4 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
113 | I816717 | Aemilia Lepida | About -4 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
114 | I825032 | Aemilia Lepida | About -50 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
115 | I824885 | Aemilia Lepida | About -75 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
116 | I824808 | Aemilia Materna Thermantia | About 390 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
117 | I825439 | Aemilia Paulla | About -30 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
118 | I825090 | Aemilia Paulla | About -225 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
119 | I818013 | Aemilia Pudentilla | About 255 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
120 | I816792 | Aemilia Scaura | About -100 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
121 | I825047 | Aemilia Tertia | About -182 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
122 | I834925 | Aemiliana | About 60 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
123 | I832518 | Aemilius | About 410 | Date unknown | 0 | vir nobilis in Laon Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
124 | I824927 | Aemilius Scaurus | About -103 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
125 | I837361 | Aengus | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
126 | I835432 | Aerobindus | About 550 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
127 | I868004 | Aesa | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Konkubine Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
128 | I837806 | Aeternus | About 355 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
129 | I816747 | Afranius | About 275 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
130 | I816746 | Afranius Flaccilus Aelianus | About 315 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
131 | I825987 | Agariste II. | About -520 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
132 | I821643 | Agathoclea | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Konkubine | savenije | |
133 | I821658 | Agathoklea | About -240 | October -203 | 0 | vom Mob in Alexandria ermordet | savenije | |
134 | I821658 | Agathoklea | About -240 | October -203 | 0 | Konkubinem, vielleicht Amme Ptolemaois V. | savenije | |
135 | I821660 | Agathokles | About -270 | Date unknown | 0 | Abkunft unsicher | savenije | |
136 | I849675 | Agelaos | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Ahnherr des König Kroisos von Lydien | savenije | |
137 | I825915 | Agenor | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
138 | I792563 | Agia | About 455 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
139 | I822520 | Agiluf | About 420 | Date unknown | 0 | Fürst der Sueben und Quaden | savenije | |
140 | I822368 | Agilulf | About 560 | Date unknown | 0 | König d. Langobarden 590-615 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
141 | I868813 | Agilulf | About 800 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 870 tot, Langobarde Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
142 | I868813 | Agilulf | About 800 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 870 tot, Langobarde Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
143 | I825273 | Aginatia | About 375 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
144 | I825274 | Aginatius | About 335 | Date unknown | 0 | vic. urb. 368 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
145 | I792540 | Agiulf | About 470 | Date unknown | 0 | Schwager Chloderichs | savenije | |
146 | I22603 | Agivald | About 500 | Date unknown | 0 | adeliger Franke Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
147 | I825869 | Aglaia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
148 | I821644 | Aglais | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Konkubine | savenije | |
149 | I837422 | Agnan | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
150 | I433898 | Agnar | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
151 | I820398 | Agnes | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
152 | I849079 | Agnes | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
153 | I855740 | Agnes | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1329 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
154 | I856293 | Agnes | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
155 | I857152 | Agnes | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1236/37 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
156 | I837419 | Agnon | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
157 | I796790 | Agripanius | About 285 | Date unknown | 0 | Präfekt von Viennensis Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
158 | I850044 | Agrippa | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | König v. Alba Longa 916-875 | savenije | |
159 | I796765 | Ahija | About 90 | Date unknown | 0 | Exilarch um 135 nach Aussterben der alten Dynastie Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
160 | I796904 | Ahimaaz | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Statthalter Salomos in Naphtali Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
161 | I796937 | Ahimaaz | About -1030 | Date unknown | 0 | Hohepriester unter David, der letzte Hohepriester vor Erbauung des Tempels, berichtet diesem von der Niederschlagung des Aufstandes Absaloms Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
162 | I826021 | Ahinoam | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jèud. | savenije | |
163 | I796866 | Ahio | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
164 | I796903 | Ahitofel | About -1055 | Date unknown | 0 | erhängt sich in seinem Haus | savenije | |
165 | I796903 | Ahitofel | About -1055 | Date unknown | 0 | im Grab seines Vaters | savenije | |
166 | I796903 | Ahitofel | About -1055 | Date unknown | 0 | aus Gilo, Ratgeber Davids, der am Aufstand Absaloms teilnimmt und sich selbst tötet, weil dieser seinen Plan nicht ausführt | savenije | |
167 | I844294 | Ahitub | About -900 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
168 | I796939 | Ahitub | About -1090 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
169 | I822798 | Ahmose | About -1414 | Date unknown | 0 | Hohepriester des Re in Heliopolis wärend der Regierungszeit seines Bruder Tutmosis | savenije | |
170 | I822774 | Ahmose | About -1561 | Date unknown | 0 | jung verstorben | savenije | |
171 | I796958 | Ahmose Pennechbet | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Vorsteher der Speicher, General, Wesir. Schatzmeister, 1. Königssohn von Elkab Ahmose Pennechbet hat eine ziemlich umfangreiche Autobiographie in seinem Felsgrab in Elkab hinterlassen, die kurz nach dem Tode der Hatschepsut, also am Anfang der Alleinherrschaft des Thutmosis III., verfasst wurde. In dieser Autobiographie rühmt er sich, unter 4 Pharaonen gedient zu haben: "Ich habe begleitet die Könige von Ober- und Unterägypten, die Götter (= die inzwischen verstorbenen Könige), unter denen ich gelebt habe, auf ihren Gängen in dem südlichen und nördlichen Fremdlande, an jedem Ort, an den sie sich begaben, den König von Ober- und Unterägypten "Neb-pehti-Ra" (Ahmose I.), den Seligen, den König von Ober- und Unterägypten "Djeser-ka-Ra" (Amenhotep I.), den Seligen, den König von Ober- und Unterägypten "Aa-cheper-ka-Ra" (Thutmosis I.) den Seligen, den König von Ober- und Unterägypten "Aa-cheper-en-Ra" (Thutmosis II.) den Seligen, bis zu diesem Guten Gott, dem König von Ober- und Unterägypten, "Men-cheper-Ra" (Thutmosis III.), der mit Leben beschenkt sei ewiglich. Demnach kämpfte er unter Ahmose I. in Syrien, unter Amenhotep I. in Nubien und wohl auch in Libyen, unter Thutmosis I. erneut in Nubien und mit Naharina, und unter Thutmosis II. mit den Beduinen (wohl im südlichen Palästina). |
savenije | |
172 | I796752 | Ahunai | 520 | Date unknown | 0 | am Todestag seines Vaters | savenije | |
173 | I796752 | Ahunai | 520 | Date unknown | 0 | Exilarch 550-560 nach einer Vakanz Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
174 | I837863 | Aife | About 255 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
175 | I825877 | Aigyptos | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
176 | I847940 | Ailymas | About -340 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 310 u. 307 König der Libyer | savenije | |
177 | I31086 | Aimilda | About 884 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
178 | I850037 | Aineias II. Silvius | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | König v. Alba Longa 1112-1081 | savenije | |
179 | I845151 | Ainel | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
180 | I825918 | Aiolia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
181 | I825931 | Aiolos | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
182 | I825919 | Aitolos | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
183 | I825848 | Akestione | About -115 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
184 | I796831 | Akkub | About -230 | Date unknown | 0 | Exilarch in Jerusalem um 200 Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
185 | I825867 | Akrisios | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
186 | I792693 | Alachius | About 660 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
187 | I820457 | Alaid | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1284-1315 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
188 | I843567 | Alamyos | About -95 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
189 | I823074 | Alareiks I. | Between 370 and 375 | 410 | 0 | Donauinsel | savenije | |
190 | I823074 | Alareiks I. | Between 370 and 375 | 410 | 0 | Alarich I. (lateinisch Alaricus, gotisch Alareiks; * um 370 in Peuke (Insel) (heutiges Rumänien); † 410 bei Cosenza (heutiges Italien)) war der erste sicher bekannte Anführer der frühen „Westgoten“ und nach 800 Jahren der erste Heerführer, der Rom plünderte. Ob Alarich tatsächlich „König“ bzw. rex der Goten war, ist in der Forschung sehr umstritten.[1] Die ältesten Quellen nennen ihn stattdessen "Hegemon der Goten" (ὁ τῶν Γότθων ἡγούμενος; Sozomenos HE 8, 25) oder dux Gothorum (Rufinus, HE praef.). Er ist wohl am ehesten als Heerkönig und Warlord anzusehen, der zugleich in einen römischen Kontext gehörte. Leben Die frühen Jahre Alarich wurde angeblich auf der heute nicht lokalisierten Insel Peuce im Mündungsgebiet der Donau, die dort die römische Grenze markierte, im heutigen rumänischen Kreis Tulcea geboren.[2] Möglicherweise sollte diese spät bezeugte Angabe aber auch einfach unterstreichen, dass Alarich zeitlebens sowohl im gotischen als auch im römischen Kontext agierte. Sein Vater war laut Jordanes ein Adliger aus dem Königshaus der Balthen, doch könnte auch dies eine spätere Erfindung sein, die Alarich eine edle Herkunft andichten wollte. Zur Zeit seiner Geburt siedelten viele der gotischen Terwingen, nach ihrer Flucht vor den Hunnen am südlichen Donauufer in der römischen Diözese Thrakien. Der Name dieser zunehmend romanisierten Terwingen wandelte sich auf dem Boden des Römischen Reiches zu „Visigoten“. Im Jahr 394 diente Alarich wohl als Befehlshaber der Visigoten in einer terwingischen Söldnerarmee in römischen Diensten (foederati). Unter Kaiser Theodosius I. nahm er am Bürgerkrieg gegen den Usurpator Eugenius teil, der die Macht im westlichen Reichsteil erlangt hatte. In der entscheidenden Schlacht am Frigidus, die im Tal der Vipava in den südöstlichen Alpen bei Triest gekämpft wurde, mussten Alarichs Visigoten einen besonders hohen Blutzoll entrichten (laut Orosius starben 10.000 Krieger), was sein Verhältnis zu Theodosius wohl verschlechterte. Die Kaiser dieser Zeit verließen sich vielfach auf die barbarischen foederati, die als besonders loyal galten, entbehrlich und zudem noch weniger kostspielig waren als die regulären römischen Truppen. Als Theodosius Anfang des Jahres 395 starb, wurde die Herrschaft im Römischen Reich auf seine beiden Söhne aufgeteilt. Arcadius erhielt die östliche und Honorius die westliche Hälfte. Zwischen den beiden Kaiserhöfen kam es bald zu Rivalitäten und Konflikten. Das Bündnis (foedus), das Theodosius I. mit den Terwingen geschlossen hatte, wurde von Honorius und dessen Beratern nun offenbar als nichtig angesehen, und man wollte die foederati entlassen, ohne sie zu entschädigen. Dies führte zu einem Aufstand, an dessen Spitze sich Alarich stellte. Der Heermeister Stilicho ging daraufhin im Namen des Honorius gegen die Meuterer vor, die begonnen hatten, sich angesichts des Fehlens von staatlicher Versorgung durch Plünderung zu ernähren; aber als Arcadius verlangte, dass die oströmischen Kontingente, die Theodosius nach Westen gefolgt waren, nun wieder in den Osten überstellt werden sollten, fehlte es dem weströmischen Heer an genügend Soldaten, um die Visigoten Alarichs zu schlagen. Gegen Ostrom Alarichs Ziel war es fortan stets, ein foedus zu erwirken, das seine Männer versorgte und ihm selbst durch eine Stellung im Reichsdienst Legitimation verschaffte. Jedem Heerführer musste es darum gehen, die Versorgung (annona militaris) seines Kriegerverbandes zu sichern, und in der Spätantike war dies ohne Rückgriff auf die römische Infrastruktur unmöglich. Alarich versuchte, dieses Ziel zu erreichen, indem er sich die erwähnte Rivalität zwischen den beiden Kaiserhöfen in Konstantinopel und Italien zunutze machte. Im Jahr 397 griffen die Visigoten unter Alarich (es wäre an dieser Stelle wohl zu früh, schon von „Westgoten“ zu sprechen; die Ethnogenese war noch nicht abgeschlossen) nun oströmisches Gebiet an und rückten bis Konstantinopel vor. Der oströmische Hof warf Stilicho vor, er habe die Visigoten aufgehetzt, vielleicht nicht zu Unrecht. Da Alarich aber nicht in der Lage war, eine Belagerung der stark befestigten Stadt durchzuführen, zog er weiter nach Thessalien und über die unbewachten Thermopylen ins Innere Griechenlands. Die genauen Details dieses zweijährigen Feldzuges sind nicht bekannt. Er plünderte jedenfalls Attika, verschonte Athen, das sich ohne Gegenwehr ergab, rückte bis in die Peloponnes vor und eroberte deren wichtigste Städte Korinth, Argos und Sparta. Hier endete sein Siegeszug, denn nun griff ihn Stilicho an. Dem erfahrenen General gelang es, die Visigoten zwischen den Bergen von Pholoe, an der Grenze zwischen Arkadien und Elis, zu stellen. Die Visigoten konnten mit Schwierigkeiten entkommen, vielleicht auch mit Stilichos Duldung. Alarich und seine Visigoten überquerten den Golf von Korinth und zogen mit ihrer Beute nordwärts nach Epirus. Der Zug nach Westen Aus letztlich unklaren Gründen kam es dann zu einem Wandel. Wahrscheinlich war der oströmische Hof der Ansicht, Stilichos Operationen im Balkanraum seien als Angriff zu verstehen. Kaiser Arcadius’ Minister boten nun Alarich an, sich mit seinen Kriegern und deren Angehörigen in der wichtigen Präfektur Illyrien niederzulassen und dort mit annona versorgt zu werden. Er wurde zum magister militum per Illyricum ernannt und ließ seine Truppen durch die oströmischen Arsenale aufrüsten; Konstantinopel wollte die Visigoten nun gegen Stilicho einsetzen, den man zum Staatsfeind erklärt hatte. Bald nach 400 kam es aber wieder zum Bruch zwischen Alarich und Konstantinopel, vielleicht im Zusammenhang mit dem Putschversuch des Gainas. Um das Jahr 401 herum, genaue Daten sind nicht bekannt, rückte Alarich das erste Mal nach Italien vor. Durch seine Teilnahme an der Schlacht am Frigidus wusste er um die Schwächen der Claustra Alpium Iuliarum, des Verteidigungssystems in den Julischen Alpen, das im Gebiet des Birnbaumer Waldes im heutigen Slowenien den Zugang von und nach Italien absicherte. Alarich wollte nun ein foedus mit Westrom erzwingen, um seine Männer zu versorgen. Er verwüstete Teile Norditaliens und brachte Schrecken nach Rom, bis Stilicho ihn in einer Schlacht bei Pollentia Ostern 402 besiegte. Nach einer weiteren verlorenen Schlacht bei Verona verließ Alarich Italien wieder, vermutlich im Frühjahr 403. Diese Schlacht muss nach Claudian auf westgotischen Seiten einen derart hohen Blutzoll gefordert haben, dass Alarich angeblich nur mit der Duldung Stilichos seine Armee neu ordnen und ausrüsten konnte. Vermutlich wollte Stilicho Alarichs kampfkräftigen Verband nicht zerschlagen, sondern für künftige innerrömische Auseinandersetzungen zu einem Bündnisgenossen gegen Ostrom aufbauen. Alarich war nicht bis Rom gekommen, doch sein Angriff verursachte größere Änderungen im Imperium: Die Kaiserresidenz wurde im Jahr 402 von Mailand nach Ravenna verlegt, die 20. Legion musste aus Britannien abgezogen werden, und wahrscheinlich erleichterten die Kämpfe in Italien es den Vandalen, Sueben und Alanen, nach Gallien vorzudringen, wodurch Westrom zeitweilig die Kontrolle über die Provinzen in Gallien und Spanien verlor. Das nächste Mal wird zum Jahr 407 über Alarich berichtet. Die Regierungen West- und Ostroms waren inzwischen derart verfeindet, dass ein Bürgerkrieg drohte. Stilicho verbündete sich mit Alarich, um die Ansprüche des Honorius auf der Präfektur Illyricum durchzusetzen. Doch zu einem Krieg kam es nicht, da in der Neujahrsnacht 406/07 die Rheingrenze kollabierte und Stilicho eiligst Truppen zusammenziehen musste, um dieser neuen Bedrohung Herr zu werden. Im Jahr 408 versöhnten sich Honorius und Arcadius wieder, doch Alarich, der bereits nach Epirus vorgedrungen war, verlangte nun die Erstattung seiner bisherigen Kosten. Die Summe, die er forderte, 4.000 Pfund Gold, war sehr hoch, doch auf Druck Stilichos genehmigte der Senat die Bezahlung, um Alarichs Visigoten gegen den Usurpator Konstantin (III.) einsetzen zu können, der inzwischen Britannien und Gallien kontrollierte. Drei Monate später ließ Kaiser Honorius seinen Schwiegervater Stilicho, dem Hochverrat vorgeworfen wurde, jedoch töten. In den darauf folgenden Unruhen wurden Frauen und Kinder der barbarischen foederati in ganz Italien ermordet. Zugleich wurde das foedus mit Alarichs Visigoten aufgekündigt. Als Folge lief eine rund 30.000 Mann starke Truppe zu den Visigoten Alarichs über. Im September 408 erreichte Alarich Rom, das nun keinen General vom Format Stilichos mehr zu seiner Verteidigung hatte, und belagerte die Stadt. Vom Hunger gequält stimmten die Bürger Roms einem Lösegeld von 2.000 Pfund Gold, 3.000 Pfund Pfeffer, kostbaren Seiden- und Ledergewändern zu. Die Plünderung Roms Von Honorius forderte Alarich nun die annona aus dem Gebiet zwischen der Donau und dem Golf von Venedig und den Titel eines Heermeisters der kaiserlichen Truppen. Honorius, der sicher in Ravenna war, lehnte Alarichs Forderungen ab. Nach einer zweiten Belagerung Roms stimmte der Senat Alarichs Forderung zu, einen neuen Kaiser, Priscus Attalus, auszurufen, und ließ Alarich zum ersten Mal in die Stadt. Attalus schloss im Namen Roms das gewünschte foedus mit den Goten, erwies sich aber ansonsten als ungeeignet. Ratschläge Alarichs ignorierend verlor er die Provinz Africa, die Kornkammer Roms, an Honorius-treue Einheiten unter dem comes Heraclianus. Dieser stoppte die wichtigen Getreidelieferungen nach Italien. Hunger, vormals eine Waffe Alarichs gegen Rom, wurde nun gegen Alarich eingesetzt. Attalus weigerte sich jedoch, einer militärischen Invasion Nordafrikas zuzustimmen. Nachdem Honorius durch oströmische Truppen verstärkt worden war, setzte Alarich Attalus ab. Erneute Verhandlungen mit Honorius scheiterten, und es kam zur dritten Belagerung Roms. Alarich, dessen Männer von Hunger geplagt wurden, befand sich in einer verzweifelten Lage und wusste sich nicht anders zu helfen. Vermutlich am 24. August 410 drangen die Goten in Rom ein, nachdem man ihnen die Tore geöffnet hatte. Die Goten plünderten die Stadt drei Tage lang, verschonten jedoch, da selbst Christen, die Kirchen und alle, die darin Zuflucht gesucht hatten; insgesamt kam es wohl kaum zu größeren Verwüstungen. Dennoch hatte die Einnahme Roms, die erste seit 387 BCE ., eine deutliche Schockwirkung auf die römische Welt. Die Heiden glaubten, dass das Christentum an dieser Katastrophe schuld sei, während Augustinus von Hippo in seinem Hauptwerk De Civitate Dei eine Erwiderung auf diese Vorwürfe formulierte, die Orosius später ausbaute. Alarich, der wohl überhaupt nicht geplant hatte, Rom zu plündern – man bedenke, dass er schon seit Monaten im Umland stand und dazu jederzeit die Gelegenheit gehabt hätte –, war erst durch das sture Verhalten des Honorius in Handlungszwang geraten. Nun zog er weiter südwärts nach Kalabrien, um die reiche römische Provinz Africa zu erobern. Die vorangegangenen Ereignisse hatten ihm gezeigt, wie bedeutend die Kontrolle dieser Region war. Seine Schiffe wurden jedoch durch einen schweren Sturm zerstört und viele seiner Soldaten starben. Kurze Zeit später starb er bei Cosenza an Fieber und wurde der Sage nach im Busento beigesetzt. Dazu sei der Fluss vorübergehend umgeleitet worden, damit Alarichs Grab niemals gefunden werden sollte. Die zeitgenössischen Quellen – etwa Orosius – berichten allerdings nicht von einem Grab im Flussbett; diese Geschichte erscheint erst über 100 Jahre später bei Jordanes. Alarichs Schwager Athaulf folgte ihm von 410 bis 415 als Anführer des Verbandes. Er führte seine Krieger nach Gallien und heiratete die Kaiserschwester Galla Placidia, die Alarich 410 aus Rom entführt hatte, um so Anschluss an die herrschende Dynastie zu finden, wurde jedoch ermordet. Theoderich I., Alarichs Schwiegersohn, führte den Verband der Westgoten dann von 418 bis 451 als rex. Ein neues foedus wies ihnen Aquitanien als Siedlungs- und Versorgungsraum zu. Bewertung Die Quellen erlauben es nicht, den Charakter Alarichs genauer zu fassen. Offensichtlich wollte er für sich und seine Krieger, die keineswegs nur Goten waren, einen Platz im Imperium Romanum und Teilhabe an dessen Wohlstand erkämpfen. Es ging ihm dabei offenbar um eine vertraglich gesicherte Versorgung, annona, für seine Männer. Alarich hatte wohl keine politische Konzeption und war angesichts der wechselhaften Bürgerkriegszeit, in der er lebte, von einer gewissen „Unrast“ getrieben.[3] Unter seiner Führung machten die sich formierenden Westgoten einen deutlichen Schritt zur Verreiterung, es nahm also die Anzahl und Bedeutung der Reiterei im gotischen Heer zu. Rezeption Lange berühmt und bekannt war die Ballade Das Grab im Busento von August Graf von Platen, deren romantisierende Darstellung von Alarichs Bestattung das Bild der Nachwelt von der spätantiken Völkerwanderung sehr lange prägte. Eine Gedenktafel mit der Inschrift „Alarich, König der Westgothen, † CCCCX“ fand für ihn in der Gedenkstätte Walhalla bei Regensburg Aufnahme. |
savenije | |
191 | I823074 | Alareiks I. | Between 370 and 375 | 410 | 0 | Alaric I (/ˈælərɪk/; Gothic: Alareiks, , "ruler of all";[2] Latin: Alaricus; 370 (or 375) – 410 AD) was the first king of the Visigoths, from 395 to 410. He rose to leadership of the Goths who came to occupy Moesia – territory acquired a couple of decades earlier by a combined force of Goths and Alans after the Battle of Adrianople. Alaric began his career under the Gothic soldier Gainas, and later joined the Roman army. Once an ally of Rome under the Emperor Theodosius, Alaric helped defeat the Franks and other allies of a Roman usurper. Despite losing many thousands of his men, he received little recognition from Rome for his efforts and left the Roman army disappointed. After the death of Theodosius and the disintegration of the Roman armies in 395, he is described as king of the Visigoths. As the leader of the only effective field force remaining in the Balkans, he sought Roman legitimacy, never quite achieving a position acceptable to himself and to the Roman authorities. He operated mainly against the successive Western Roman regimes, and marched into Italy, where he died. He is responsible for the sack of Rome in 410, one of several notable events in the Western Roman Empire's eventual decline. Early life, federate status in the Balkans According to Jordanes, a 6th-century Roman bureaucrat of Gothic origin—who later turned his hand to history—Alaric was born on Peuce Island at the mouth of the Danube Delta in present-day Romania and belonged to the noble Balti dynasty of the Tervingian Goths. There is no way to verify this claim.[3][a] Historian Douglas Boin does not make such an unequivocal assessment about Alaric's Gothic heritage and instead claims he came from either the Tervingi or the Greuthung tribes.[5] When the Goths suffered setbacks against the Huns, they made a mass migration across the Danube, and fought a war with Rome. Alaric was probably a child during this period who grew up along Rome's periphery.[6] Alaric's upbringing was shaped by living along the border of Roman territory in a region that the Romans viewed as a veritable "backwater"; some four centuries before, the Roman poet Ovid regarded the area along the Danube and Black Sea where Alaric was reared as a land of "barbarians", among "the most remote in the vast world."[7][b] Alaric's childhood in the Balkans, where the Goths had settled by way of an agreement with Theodosius, was spent in the company of veterans who had fought at the Battle of Adrianople in 378,[c] during which they had annihilated much of the Eastern army and killed Emperor Valens.[10] Imperial campaigns against the Visigoths were conducted until a treaty was reached in 382. This treaty was the first foedus on imperial Roman soil and required these semi-autonomous Germanic tribes—among whom Alaric was raised—to supply troops for the Roman army in exchange for peace, control of cultivatable land, and freedom from Roman direct administrative control.[11] Correspondingly, there was hardly a region along the Roman frontier during Alaric's day without Gothic slaves and servants of one form or another.[12] For several subsequent decades, many Goths like Alaric were "called up into regular units of the eastern field army" while others served as auxiliaries in campaigns led by Theodosius against the western usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius.[13] Rebellion against Rome, rise to Gothic leadership A new phase in the relationship between the Goths and the empire resulted from the treaty signed in 382, as more and more Goths attained aristocratic rank from their service in the imperial army.[14] Alaric began his military career under the Gothic soldier Gainas, and later joined the Roman army.[d] He first appeared as leader of a mixed band of Goths and allied peoples, who invaded Thrace in 391 but were stopped by the half-Vandal Roman General Stilicho. While the Roman poet Claudian belittled Alaric as "a little-known menace" terrorizing southern Thrace during this time, Alaric's abilities and forces were formidable enough to prevent the Roman Emperor Theodosius from crossing the Maritsa River.[16] Service under Theodosius I By 392, Alaric had entered Roman military service, which coincided with a reduction of hostilities between Goths and Romans.[17] In 394, he led a Gothic force that helped Emperor Theodosius defeat the Frankish usurper Arbogast—fighting at the behest of Eugenius—at the Battle of Frigidus.[18] Despite sacrificing around 10,000 of his men, who had been victims of Theodosius' callous tactical decision to overwhelm the enemies front lines using Gothic foederati,[19] Alaric received little recognition from the emperor. Alaric was among the few who survived the protracted and bloody affair.[20] Many Romans considered it their "gain" and a victory that so many Goths had died during the Battle of Frigidus River.[21] Recent biographer, Douglas Boin, posits that seeing ten thousand of his (Alaric's) dead kinsmen likely elicited questions about what kind of ruler Theodosius actually had been and whether remaining in direct Roman service was best for men like him.[22] Refused the reward he expected, which included a promotion to the position of Magister militum and command of regular Roman units, Alaric mutinied and began to march against Constantinople.[23] On 17 January 395, Theodosius died of an illness, leaving his two young and incapable sons Arcadius and Honorius in Stilicho's guardianship.[24] Modern writers regard Alaric as king of the Visigoths from 395.[25][26] According to historian Peter Heather, it is not entirely clear in the sources if Alaric rose to prominence at the time the Goths revolted following Theodosius's death, or if he had already risen within his tribe as early as the war against Eugenius.[27][e] Whatever the circumstances, Jordanes recorded that the new king persuaded his people to "seek a kingdom by their own exertions rather than serve others in idleness."[30] Semi-independent action in Eastern Roman interests, Eastern Roman recognition Whether or not Alaric was a member of an ancient Germanic royal clan—as claimed by Jordanes and debated by historians—is less important than his emergence as a leader, the first of his kind since Fritigern.[31] Theodosius's death left the Roman field armies collapsing and the Empire divided again between his two sons, one taking the eastern and the other the western portion of the Empire, Stilicho made himself master of the West and attempted to establish control in the East as well, and led an army into Greece.[32][33] Alaric rebelled again. Historian Roger Collins points out that while the rivalries created by the two halves of the Empire vying for power worked to Alaric's advantage and that of his people, simply being called to authority by the Gothic people did not solve the practicalities of their needs for survival. He needed Roman authority in order to be supplied by Roman cities.[34] Alaric took his Gothic army on what Stilicho's propagandist Claudian described as a "pillaging campaign" that began first in the East.[25] Burns' interpretation is that Alaric and his men were recruited by Rufinus's Eastern regime in Constantinople, and sent to Thessaly to stave off Stilicho's threat.[35] No battle took place. Alaric's forces made their way down to Athens and along the coast, where he sought to force a new peace upon the Romans.[25] His march in 396 included passing through Thermopylae. Stilicho's propagandist Claudian accuses his troops of plundering for the next year or so as far south as the mountainous Peloponnese peninsula, and reports that only Stilicho's surprise attack with his western field army (having sailed from Italy) stemmed the plundering as he pushed Alaric's forces north into Epirus.[36] Zosimus adds that Stilicho's troops destroyed and pillaged too, and let Alaric's men escape with their plunder.[f] Stilicho was forced to send some of his Eastern forces home.[37] They went to Constantinople under the command of one Gainas, a Goth with a large Gothic following. On arrival, Gainas murdered Rufinus, and was appointed magister militum for Thrace by Eutropius, the new supreme minister and the only eunuch consul of Rome, who, Zosimus claims, controlled Arcadius "as if he were a sheep".[g] A poem by Synesius advises Arcadius to display manliness and remove a "skin-clad savage" (probably referring to Alaric) from the councils of power and his barbarians from the Roman army. We do not know if Arcadius ever became aware of this advice, but it had no recorded effect.[38] Stilicho obtained a few more troops from the German frontier and continued to campaign indecisively against the Eastern empire; again he was opposed by Alaric and his men. During the next year, 397, Eutropius personally led his troops to victory over some Huns who were marauding in Asia Minor. With his position thus strengthened he declared Stilicho a public enemy, and he established Alaric as magister militum per Illyricum[36] Alaric thus acquired entitlement to gold and grain for his followers and negotiations were underway for a more permanent settlement.[39] Stilicho's supporters in Milan were outraged at this seeming betrayal; meanwhile, Eutropius was celebrated in 398 by a parade through Constantinople for having achieved victory over the "wolves of the North."[40][h] Alaric's people were relatively quiet for the next couple of years.[42] In 399, Eutropius fell from power.[43] The new Eastern regime now felt that they could dispense with Alaric's services and they nominally transferred Alaric's province to the West. This administrative change removed Alaric's Roman rank and his entitlement to legal provisioning for his men, leaving his army—the only significant force in the ravaged Balkans—as a problem for Stilicho.[44] In search of Western Roman recognition; invading Italy According to historian Michael Kulikowski, sometime in the spring of 402 Alaric decided to invade Italy, but no sources from antiquity indicate to what purpose.[45][i] Burns suggests that Alaric was probably desperate for provisions.[47] Using Claudian as his source, historian Guy Halsall reports that Alaric's attack actually began in late 401, but since Stilicho was in Raetia "dealing with frontier issues" the two did not first confront one another in Italy until 402.[48] Alaric's entry into Italy followed the route identified in the poetry of Claudian, as he crossed the peninsula's Alpine frontier near the city of Aquileia.[49] For a period of six to nine months, there were reports of Gothic attacks along the northern Italian roads, where Alaric was spotted by Roman townspeople.[50] Along the route on Via Postumia, Alaric first encountered Stilicho.[51] Two battles were fought. The first was at Pollentia on Easter Sunday, where Stilicho (according to Claudian) achieved an impressive victory, taking Alaric's wife and children prisoner, and more significantly, seizing much of the treasure that Alaric had amassed over the previous five years' worth of plundering.[52][j] Pursuing the retreating forces of Alaric, Stilicho offered to return the prisoners but was refused. The second battle was at Verona,[52] where Alaric was defeated for a second time. Stilicho once again offered Alaric a truce and allowed him to withdraw from Italy. Kulikowski explains this confusing, if not outright conciliatory behavior by stating, "given Stilicho's cold war with Constantinople, it would have been foolish to destroy as biddable and violent a potential weapon as Alaric might well prove to be".[52] Halsall's observations are similar, as he contends that the Roman general's "decision to permit Alaric's withdrawal into Pannonia makes sense if we see Alaric's force entering Stilicho's service, and Stilicho's victory being less total than Claudian would have us believe".[54] Perhaps more revealing is a report from the Greek historian Zosimus—writing a half a century later—that indicates an agreement was concluded between Stilicho and Alaric in 405, which suggests Alaric being in "western service at that point", likely stemming from arrangements made back in 402.[55][k] Between 404 and 405, Alaric remained in one of the four Pannonian provinces, from where he could "play East off against West while potentially threatening both".[52] Historian A.D. Lee observes, "Alaric’s return to the north-west Balkans brought only temporary respite to Italy, for in 405 another substantial body of Goths and other barbarians, this time from outside the empire, crossed the middle Danube and advanced into northern Italy, where they plundered the countryside and besieged cities and towns" under their leader Radagaisus.[57] Although the imperial government was struggling to muster enough troops to contain these barbarian invasions, Stilicho managed to stifle the threat posed by the tribes under Radagaisus, when the latter split his forces into three separate groups. Stilicho cornered Radagaisus near Florence and starved the invaders into submission.[57][l] Meanwhile, Alaric—bestowed with codicils of magister militum by Stilicho and now supplied by the West—awaited for one side or the other to incite him to action as Stilicho faced further difficulties from more barbarians.[59] Second invasion of Italy, agreement with Western Roman regime Sometime in 406 and into 407, more large groups of barbarians, consisting primarily of Vandals, Sueves and Alans, crossed the Rhine into Gaul while about the same time a rebellion occurred in Britain. Under a common soldier named Constantine it spread to Gaul.[60] Burdened by so many enemies, Stilicho's position was strained. During this crisis in 407, Alaric again marched on Italy, taking a position in Noricum (modern Austria), where he demanded a sum of 4,000 pounds of gold to buy off another full-scale invasion.[61][62] The Roman Senate loathed the idea of supporting Alaric; Zosimus observed that one senator famously declaimed Non est ista pax, sed pactio servitutis ("This is not peace, but a pact of servitude").[m] Stilicho paid Alaric the 4,000 pounds of gold nevertheless.[63] This agreement, sensible in view of the military situation, fatally weakened Stilicho's standing at Honorius's court.[62] Twice Stilicho had allowed Alaric to escape his grasp, and Radagaisus had advanced all the way to the outskirts of Florence.[64] Renewed hostilities after Western Roman coup In the East, Arcadius died on 1 May 408 and was replaced by his son Theodosius II; Stilicho seems to have planned to march to Constantinople, and to install there a regime loyal to himself.[65] He may also have intended to give Alaric a senior official position and send him against the rebels in Gaul. Before Stilicho could do so, while he was away at Ticinum at the head of a small detachment, a bloody coup against his supporters took place at Honorius's court. It was led by Honorius's minister, Olympius.[66] Stilicho's small escort of Goths and Huns was commanded by a Goth, Sarus, whose Gothic troops massacred the Hun contingent in their sleep, and then withdrew towards the cities in which their own families were billeted. Stilicho ordered that Sarus's Goths should not be admitted, but, now without an army, he was forced to flee for sanctuary. Agents of Olympius promised Stilicho his life, but instead betrayed and killed him.[67][n] Alaric was again declared an enemy of the Emperor. Olympius's men then massacred the families of the federate troops (as presumed supporters of Stilicho, although they had probably rebelled against him), and the troops defected en masse to Alaric.[69] Many thousands of barbarian auxiliaries, along with their wives and children, joined Alaric in Noricum.[70] The conspirators seem to have let their main army disintegrate,[71] and had no policy except hunting down supporters of Stilicho.[72] Italy was left without effective indigenous defence forces thereafter.[73] As a declared 'enemy of the Emperor', Alaric was denied the legitimacy that he needed to collect taxes and hold cities without large garrisons, which he could not afford to detach. He again offered to move his men, this time to Pannonia, in exchange for a modest sum of money and the modest title of Comes, but he was refused because Olympius's regime regarded him as a supporter of Stilicho.[74] First siege of Rome, agreed ransom When Alaric was rebuffed, he led his force of around 30,000 men—many newly enlisted and understandably motivated—on a march toward Rome to avenge their murdered families.[75] He moved across the Julian Alps into Italy, probably using the route and supplies arranged for him by Stilicho,[76] bypassing the imperial court in Ravenna which was protected by widespread marshland and had a port, and in September 408 he menaced the city of Rome, imposing a strict blockade. No blood was shed this time; Alaric relied on hunger as his most powerful weapon. When the ambassadors of the Senate, entreating for peace, tried to intimidate him with hints of what the despairing citizens might accomplish, he laughed and gave his celebrated answer: "The thicker the hay, the easier mowed!" After much bargaining, the famine-stricken citizens agreed to pay a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, 3,000 hides dyed scarlet, and 3,000 pounds of pepper.[77] Alaric also recruited some 40,000 freed Gothic slaves. Thus ended Alaric's first siege of Rome. Failed agreement with the Western Romans, Alaric sets up his own emperor After having provisionally agreed to the terms offered by Alaric for lifting the blockade, Honorius recanted; historian A.D. Lee highlights that one of the points of contention for the emperor was Alaric's expectation of being named head of the Roman Army, a post Honorius was not prepared to grant to Alaric.[78] When this title was not bestowed onto Alaric, he proceeded to not only "besiege Rome again in late 409, but also to proclaim a leading senator, Priscus Attalus, as a rival emperor, from whom Alaric then received the appointment" he desired.[78] Meanwhile, Alaric's newly appointed "emperor" Attalus, who seems not to have understood the limits of his power or his dependence on Alaric, failed to take Alaric's advice and lost the grain supply in Africa to a pro-Honorian comes Africae, Heraclian.[79] Then, sometime in 409, Attalus—accompanied by Alaric—marched on Ravenna and after receiving unprecedented terms and concessions from the legitimate emperor Honorius, refused him and instead demanded that Honorius be deposed and exiled.[79] Fearing for his safety, Honorius made preparations to flee to Ravenna when a ship carrying 4,000 troops arrived from Constantinople, restoring his resolve.[78] Now that Honorius no longer felt the need to negotiate, Alaric (regretting his choice of puppet emperor) deposed Attalus, perhaps to re-open negotiations with Ravenna.[80] Sack of Rome Negotiations with Honorius might have succeeded had it not been for another intervention by Sarus, of the Amal family, and therefore a hereditary enemy of Alaric and his house. He attacked Alaric's men.[56] Why Sarus, who had been in imperial service for years under Stilicho, acted at this moment remains a mystery, but Alaric interpreted this attack as directed by Ravenna and as bad faith from Honorius. No longer would negotiations suffice for Alaric, as his patience had reached its end, which led him to march on Rome for a third and final time.[81] On 24 August 410, Alaric and his forces began the sack of Rome, an assault that lasted three days.[82] After hearing reports that Alaric had entered the city—possibly aided by Gothic slaves inside—there were reports that Emperor Honorius (safe in Ravenna) broke into "wailing and lamentation" but quickly calmed once "it was explained to him that it was the city of Rome that had met its end and not 'Roma'," his pet fowl.[82] Writing from Bethlehem, St. Jerome (Letter 127.12, to the lady Principia)[o] lamented: "A dreadful rumour reached us from the West. We heard that Rome was besieged, that the citizens were buying their safety with gold . . . The city which had taken the whole world was itself taken; nay, it fell by famine before it fell to the sword."[82] Nonetheless, Christian apologists also cited how Alaric ordered that anyone who took shelter in a Church was to be spared.[83][p] When liturgical vessels were taken from the basilica of St. Peter and Alaric heard of this, he ordered them returned and had them ceremoniously restored in the church.[84] If the account from the historian Orosius can be seen as accurate, there was even a celebratory recognition of Christian unity by way of a procession through the streets where Romans and barbarians alike "raised a hymn to God in public"; historian Edward James concludes that such stories are likely more political rhetoric of the "noble" barbarians than a reflection of historical reality.[84] According to historian Patrick Geary, Roman booty was not the focus of Alaric's sack of Rome; he came for needed food supplies.[85][q] Historian Stephen Mitchell asserts that Alaric's followers seemed incapable of feeding themselves and relied on provisions "supplied by the Roman authorities."[86] Whatever Alaric's intentions were cannot be known entirely, but Kulikowski certainly sees the issue of available treasure in a different light, writing that "For three days, Alaric’s Goths sacked the city, stripping it of the wealth of centuries."[81] The barbarian invaders were not gentle in their treatment of property as substantial damage was still evident into the sixth century.[84] Certainly the Roman world was shaken by the fall of the Eternal City to barbarian invaders, but as Guy Halsall emphasizes, "Rome’s fall had less striking political effects. Alaric, unable to treat with Honorius, remained in the political cold."[83] Kulikowski sees the situation similarly, commenting: But for Alaric the sack of Rome was an admission of defeat, a catastrophic failure. Everything he had hoped for, had fought for over the course of a decade and a half, went up in flames with the capital of the ancient world. Imperial office, a legitimate place for himself and his followers inside the empire, these were now forever out of reach. He might seize what he wanted, as he had seized Rome, but he would never be given it by right. The sack of Rome solved nothing and when the looting was over Alaric’s men still had nowhere to live and fewer future prospects than ever before.[81] Still, the importance of Alaric cannot be "overestimated" according to Halsall, since he had desired and obtained a Roman command even though he was a barbarian; his real misfortune was being caught between the rivalry of the Eastern and Western empires and their court intrigue.[87] According to historian Peter Brown, when one compares Alaric with other barbarians, "he was almost an Elder Statesman."[88] Nonetheless, Alaric's respect for Roman institutions as a former servant to its highest office did not stay his hand in violently sacking the city that had for centuries exemplified Roman glory, leaving behind physical destruction and social disruption, while Alaric took clerics and even the emperor’s sister, Galla Placidia, with him when he left the city.[84] Many other Italian communities beyond the city of Rome itself fell victim to the forces under Alaric, as Procopius (Wars 3.2.11–13) writing in the sixth-century later relates: For they destroyed all the cities which they captured, especially those south of the Ionian Gulf, so completely that nothing has been left to my time to know them by, unless, indeed, it might be one tower or gate or some such thing which chanced to remain. And they killed all the people, as many as came in their way, both old and young alike, sparing neither women nor children. Wherefore even up to the present time Italy is sparsely populated.[89] Whether Alaric's forces wrought the level of destruction described by Procopius or not cannot be known, but evidence speaks to a significant population decrease, as the number of people on the food dole dropped from 800,000 in 408 to 500,000 by 419.[90] Rome's fall to the barbarians was as much a psychological blow to the empire as anything else, since some Romans citizens saw the collapse as resulting from the conversion to Christianity, while Christian apologists like Augustine (writing City of God) responded in turn.[91] Lamenting Rome's capture, famed Christian theologian Jerome, wrote how "day and night" he could not stop thinking of everyone's safety, and moreover, how Alaric had extinguished "the bright light of all the world."[92] Some contemporary Christian observers even saw Alaric—himself a Christian—as God's wrath upon a still pagan Rome.[93] Move to southern Italy, death from disease Not only had Rome's sack been a significant blow to the Roman people's morale, they had also endured two years' worth of trauma brought about by fear, hunger (consequent the blockades), and illness.[94] However, the Goths were not long in the city of Rome, as only three days after the sack, Alaric marched his men south to Campania, from where he intended to sail to Sicily—probably to obtain grain and other supplies—when a storm destroyed his fleet.[95] During the early months of 411, while on his northward return journey through Italy, Alaric took ill and died at Consentia in Bruttium.[95] His cause of death was likely fever,[96][r] and his body was, according to legend, buried under the riverbed of the Busento in accordance with the pagan practices of the Visigothic people. The stream was temporarily turned aside from its course while the grave was dug, wherein the Gothic chief and some of his most precious spoils were interred. When the work was finished, the river was turned back into its usual channel and the captives by whose hands the labor had been accomplished were put to death that none might learn their secret.[97][s] Aftermath Alaric was succeeded in the command of the Gothic army by his brother-in-law, Ataulf,[98] who married Honorius' sister Galla Placidia three years later.[99] Following in the wake of Alaric's leadership, which Kulikowski claims, had given his people "a sense of community that survived his own death...Alaric’s Goths remained together inside the empire, going on to settle in Gaul. There, in the province of Aquitaine, they put down roots and created the first autonomous barbarian kingdom inside the frontiers of the Roman empire."[100] The Goths were able to settle in Aquitaine only after Honorius granted the once Roman province to them, sometime in 418 or 419.[101] Not long after Alaric's exploits in Rome and Athaulf's settlement in Aquitaine, there is a "rapid emergence of Germanic barbarian groups in the West" who begin controlling many western provinces.[102] These barbarian peoples included: Vandals in Spain and Africa, Visigoths in Spain and Aquitaine, Burgundians along the upper Rhine and southern Gaul, and Franks on the lower Rhine and in northern and central Gaul.[102] Sources The chief authorities on the career of Alaric are: the historian Orosius and the poet Claudian, both contemporary, neither disinterested; Zosimus, a historian who lived probably about half a century after Alaric's death; and Jordanes, a Goth who wrote the history of his nation in 551, basing his work on Cassiodorus's Gothic History. |
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192 | I823074 | Alareiks I. | Between 370 and 375 | 410 | 0 | Alarik I (Peuce, ca. 370 - Cosenza, 410) was een Visigotische leider die tussen 395 en 410 koning was van de Visigoten. Hij vocht als generaal voor de Romeinen. Later keerde hij zich tegen het Romeinse Rijk. Hij was de eerste Germaanse leider die Rome innam. Afkomst Alarik stamde af van een oud Visigotisch koningsgeslacht, de Balten en werd geboren op het eiland Peuce aan de monding van de Donau. Toen het Visigotische volk de grens met het Romeinse Rijk overstak, was hij een jaar of vijftien. Op jonge leeftijd deed hij mee aan de strijd tegen de Romeinen, o.a. in de slag bij Adrianopel (378) en de gevechten daarna. Alarik was christen en behoorde tot de ariaanse tak, zoals de meeste Germanen die tot het christendom waren bekeerd. Opstand tegen de Romeinen Zoals zovelen onder de Visigoten diende Alarik in het Romeinse leger. Onder keizer Theodosius de Grote maakte hij carrière en steeg op tot de rang van generaal. In 394 streed hij tegen usurpator Eugenius. Deze tegenkeizer werd verslagen in de Slag aan de Frigidus door het Romeinse leger met Stilicho als opperbevelhebber. Toen Theodosius in januari 395 stierf, stuurde Stilicho als plaatsvervanger regent, om politieke redenen de Visigoten van Alarik terug naar hun woongebieden in Moesië. Alarik ging daar schoorvoetend mee akkoord. Hij voelde zich gepasseerd omdat hij zelf op een hoge positie had gerekend, en niet lang daarna, toen zich een gunstige gelegenheid voordeed, kwam hij met zijn volk in opstand. Bij die gelegenheid werd Alarik door zijn volk tot koning gekozen. Italië Eutropius, raadsheer van de Oost-Romeinse keizer Arcadius, zocht in het geheim contact met Alarik om hem er toe te bewegen met zijn volk naar het westen te trekken. In 401 toen het leger van Stilicho op veldtocht was, zag Alarik kans Italië binnen te vallen. Zonder noemenswaardige weerstand te ondervinden kon hij optrekken en de stad Milaan, de residentie van de keizer, omsingelen. Milaan kon pas na enige tijd worden ontzet en op 6 april 402 troffen het Romeinse en Visigotische leger elkaar bij Pollentia. Alarik verloor de slag en moest zich terugtrekken naar de bergen van Noricum en oostelijk Raetia. Het jaar daarna ondernam hij een nieuwe poging, maar ondervond opnieuw zware tegenstand van het Romeinse leger van Stilicho. Wederom werden de Visigoten verslagen, ditmaal in de Slag bij Verona. Bij de vredesbesprekingen die na afloop werden gehouden wist hij wel een vrije aftocht te bedingen. In 408, na de afzetting en daaropvolgende moord op Stilicho, trok Alarik voor de derde maal met zijn manschappen weer Italië binnen. Nu slaagde hij er wel in de Romeinen te verslaan. In 410 plunderde zijn leger Rome, dat voor de eerste keer sinds de Gallische inval in 390 BCE door niet-Romeinse troepen werd bezet. Hij moest wegens voedselschaarste verder trekken tot in Zuid-Italië, waar hij een oversteek naar Africa voorbereidde, maar hij stierf in de stad Cosenza, voordat het plan uitgevoerd kon worden. Soldaten verlegden tijdelijk de loop van de rivier Busento, zodat ze zijn lichaam in de drooggelegde bedding konden begraven. Om de plaats van zijn graf geheim te houden werden de grafdelvers gedood door enkele van Alariks officieren. Deze bewaarden het geheim tot hun dood. Niemand weet tot op heden waar koning Alarik I precies begraven ligt in de Busento. Volgens een legende zou hij ook begraven kunnen zijn in een grot in de Montagne d'Alaric in het zuiden van Frankrijk, die naar hem vernoemd is. Geschiedkundigen vinden dit echter zeer onwaarschijnlijk[1] Athaulf, de zwager van Alarik I, nam het bevel over het Gotische leger over. In 415 trouwde Athaulf met Galla Placidia, de zuster van keizer Flavius Honorius. |
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193 | I823074 | Alareiks I. | Between 370 and 375 | 410 | 0 | Alaric Ier (en gotique, Alareiks), né vers 370 à Pteros (en Dobrogée, dans l'actuelle Roumanie), mort en 410 en Italie, est un aristocrate wisigoth, roi des Wisigoths de 395 à 410. Il est particulièrement connu, en raison de la prise et du pillage d'Athènes en 396, puis de Rome en 410 Biographie Origine et formation Alaric appartient à une famille noble, membre du clan des Balthes. Selon Herwig Wolfram, il était le fils d'Alaviv. l naît dans le castrum de Platei Pegiae, aux bouches du Danube, à l'époque où les Wisigoths (alors nommés Thervingues) se trouvent, depuis le traité de 332 avec Constantin, pourvus du statut de fédérés (fœderati1), occupant le territoire de l'ancienne province de Dacie, abandonnée récemment par Rome. Durant son enfance, il participe sous la direction de Fritigern et Alaviv au grand déplacement des Wisigoths : l'entrée dans l'Empire romain en 376 afin d'échapper à la menace des Huns ; la bataille d'Andrinople en 378, où est tué l'empereur Valens, remplacé par Théodose ; le nouveau traité de fédération de 382, qui installe les Wisigoths en Mésie. En 394, il devient chef des fédérés wisigoths et participe, sous les ordres de Stilicon, à la campagne contre l'usurpateur Eugène dans les parages de la rivière Frigidus. Lors de la bataille qui s'ensuit, les Goths n'ayant ni ravitaillement, ni soutien des Romains, ressentent l'attitude impériale comme une trahison : ils repartent vers l'Est et rejoignent la Mésie en pillant tout sur leur passage, mais là, ils se retrouvent face aux Huns qui viennent de franchir le Danube. En 395, Théodose meurt, partageant son empire entre ses deux fils, Arcadius en Orient et Honorius en Occident. Roi des Wisigoths (395) et première invasion de l'Italie (400-403) Alaric espère recevoir un grand commandement à l'occasion du changement de règne, mais cela lui est refusé, et de plus les fœderati sont spoliés de leur part de butin. Ils acclament Alaric roi, et celui-ci envahit et pille la Thrace, la Macédoine et le Péloponnèse en 395-396, mettant à sac les prestigieuses cités grecques et vendant leurs habitants comme esclaves. Aux frontières de l'Élide et de l'Arcadie, ils se heurtent aux troupes de leur ancien commandant, Stilicon qui les force à évacuer le Péloponnèse. Sans doute dans l'espoir de neutraliser Alaric, Arcadius le nomme « Maître des Milices en l'Illyrie », importante province romaine. Il se trouve donc général de l'armée romaine qui commande une légion palatine, six auxilia palatines, huit légions comitatenses, neuf légions pseudo-comitatenses et deux corps de cavalerie conduites chacune par un comte (vexillationes) soit près de 150 000 hommes2. La plupart des historiens pensent que ce contingent correspond à l'effectif des Goths, environ cent mille hommes. Malgré la puissance évoquée par son titre et ses hommes, Alaric est sous l'autorité du Préfet du Prétoire et ne peut collecter directement les impôts alors que son titre le lui permet. Le 12 juillet 400, les Goths assiègent Constantinople mais se font massacrer ; à l'annonce de cette nouvelle, Alaric s'allie avec le chef Ostrogoth Radagaise, marche sur l'Italie et en dévaste toute la partie nord, avant d'être arrêté de nouveau par Stilicon, le 6 avril 402. Stilicon n'extermine pas les troupes d'Alaric, espérant peut-être en faire des mercenaires. Après une autre défaite à la bataille de Vérone, Alaric quitte l'Italie en 403 pour revenir en Illyrie3. À cause de son invasion, l'empereur quitte Rome en 402 et la capitale de l'empire d'Occident passe de Milan à Ravenne (Rome, délaissée par les empereurs depuis bien des années, n'était plus la capitale de l'Empire). Seconde invasion de l'Italie (408-410) Mort d'Arcadius et de Stilicon En 408, Arcadius meurt. Alaric en profite pour demander à être payé pour cesser la guerre, et réclame la somme de 2 000 kg d'or, que Stilicon fait promettre au Sénat romain de payer. Alaric reçoit alors le titre de « Maître des Milices des Gaules »4 dans l'espoir qu'il se débarrasse de l'usurpateur Constantin. Quelques mois plus tard, Honorius, jaloux du prestige et du pouvoir de son général et influencé par ses favoris, fait tuer Stilicon et ses proches. Dans la confusion qui s'ensuit, les troupes romaines massacrent les familles des fœderati, qui rejoignent alors en grand nombre les troupes d'Alaric. En septembre 408, Alaric franchit de nouveau les Alpes et assiège Rome. Les habitants affamés finissent par accepter de payer plus de 2 500 kg d'or, 15 000 kg d'argent, 4 000 robes de soie, 3 000 peaux teintes en pourpre et 1 500 kg de poivre3. Alaric établit un camp permanent en Toscane et organise son armée. Il est rejoint par Athaulf et ses cavaliers. Le siège et la prise de Rome (409-410) Alaric réclame également un vaste territoire entre le Danube et la Vénétie, ainsi que le titre de commandant en chef de l'armée impériale. Protégé à Ravenne, Honorius refuse. En 409, Alaric met de nouveau le siège devant la « Ville éternelle ». Le Sénat romain s'accorde alors avec lui pour instituer un nouvel empereur, le faible Priscus Attale, qui s'avère vite incompétent, et perd la riche province d'Afrique, grenier de l'Empire, tenue par les partisans d'Honorius. Alaric doit faire face à des émeutes frumentaires à Rome et à des légions envoyées par le neveu d'Honorius, Théodose II. Il chasse Priscus Attale, et tente d'ouvrir de nouveau des négociations avec Honorius. Après leur échec, il fait une troisième fois le siège de Rome, en 410. En voyant les hautes murailles de la ville, qui semblent quasiment imprenables, il dit : « …plus l'herbe est drue, plus elle est facile à faucher… ». Il prend la ville sans grande difficulté, car on lui ouvre tout simplement l'une des portes, et c'est alors le célèbre sac de Rome d'août 410, le premier depuis la prise de la ville par des Celtes au IVe siècle av. J.-C.. Le pillage dure à peine trois jours ; les Goths épargnent tous ceux qui trouvent refuge dans les lieux saints5, et rendront ensuite aux basiliques tout ce qui leur a été pris. Galla Placidia, fille du défunt Théodose et sœur de l'empereur Flavius Honorius, est retenue captive dans la ville par les Goths6. Cette violation de l'ancienne capitale impériale, tombant aux mains des « Barbares », marque durablement les esprits dans les deux empires. Tentative de gagner l'Afrique et mort d'Alaric Peu de temps avant sa mort, Alaric pille l'Italie du Sud, et tente d'envahir l'Afrique, mais ses navires sont détruits par une tempête. Lui-même meurt d'une fièvre, à la fin de l'année 410 en Calabre, dans l'actuelle province de Cosenza. Selon une légende citée déjà vers 550 par Jordanes7, il serait enterré sous le lit de la rivière Busento8,3, qui coule à Cosenza : la rivière est détournée, la tombe creusée, son corps est inhumé avec un important trésor, puis la rivière recouvre son cours. Les esclaves ayant creusé la tombe sont mis à mort pour garder le secret. Son successeur est son beau-frère Athaulf. |
savenije | |
194 | I822284 | Alarich II. | About 460 | 507 | 0 | König d. Westgoten 484-507 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
195 | I850039 | Alba | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | König v. Alba Longa 1030-991 | savenije | |
196 | I852503 | Alberada | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
197 | I30299 | Alberga | About 1045 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
198 | I433767 | Alberich | About 615 | Date unknown | 0 | Adeliger Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
199 | I869755 | Alberich | About 787 | Date unknown | 0 | Bf. v. Langres 820 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
200 | I869752 | Alberich | About 815 | Date unknown | 0 | nobilis vir in Sens Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
201 | I824845 | Albia Domnica | About 337 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
202 | I822303 | Alboin | About 530 | Sunday 28 June 572 | 0 | ermordet | savenije | |
203 | I822303 | Alboin | About 530 | Sunday 28 June 572 | 0 | König d. Langobarden 560-572 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
204 | I825951 | Alcidice | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
205 | I825977 | Alcyone | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
206 | I816408 | Alda | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | aus Burgund stammend Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
207 | I828805 | Alda | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
208 | I837956 | Aldar | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
209 | I883409 | Aldburg | About 910 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
210 | I867383 | Aldo | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
211 | I841467 | Aleidis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
212 | I844898 | Aleidis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
213 | I825952 | Aleus | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
214 | I816938 | Alexandra I. Salome | -140 | Date unknown | 0 | Kgn. 67-63 Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
215 | I825821 | Alexandros | About 25 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
216 | I835048 | Alfenia Iuliana | About 265 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
217 | I837883 | Alfenius Avitianus | About 150 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
218 | I832863 | Alfhild | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Mätresse Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
219 | I817005 | Alfidia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
220 | I870388 | Alfred | About 895 | Date unknown | 0 | Bf. v. Sherborne um 933 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
221 | I825890 | Alkaios | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
222 | I796728 | Alkmaion II. | About -625 | Date unknown | 0 | General 591, olympischer Viergespannsieger | savenije | |
223 | I837426 | Alladh | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
224 | I867978 | Almodis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1087/91 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
225 | I793561 | Aloara | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
226 | I253378 | Alogyne | -495 | Date unknown | 0 | babylonische Konkubine | savenije | |
227 | I23549 | Alpaïs | About 650 | After 705 | 0 | Urkunde 690-705, Abkunft unsicher, eventuell Tochter eines 673 genannten Childebrand Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
228 | I792893 | Alrad | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
229 | I821808 | Alta | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Besitzerin der Burg Mörmoosen Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
230 | I825910 | Althaia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
231 | I823080 | Alypia | About 455 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
232 | I869368 | Amadeus | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
233 | I822282 | Amalarich | About 502 | 531 | 0 | ermordet | savenije | |
234 | I822282 | Amalarich | About 502 | 531 | 0 | König d. Westgoten 511-531 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
235 | I792575 | Amalberga | About 495 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
236 | I792577 | Amalfrieda | About 465 | Date unknown | 0 | Schwester von Theoderich d. Großen Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
237 | I824604 | Amaltrud | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
238 | I843645 | Amanidab | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
239 | I818019 | Amantia Marina | About 280 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
240 | I796935 | Amarja | About -925 | Date unknown | 0 | Hohepriester unter Josaphat (868-847) Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
241 | I796940 | Amarja | About -1110 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
242 | I849271 | Amasis II. | About -615 | Date unknown | 0 | Amasis II (Ancient Greek: Ἄμασις) or Ahmose II was a pharaoh (reigned 570 – 526 BCE) of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the successor of Apries at Sais. He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. Life Most of our information about him is derived from Herodotus (2.161ff) and can only be imperfectly verified by monumental evidence. According to the Greek historian, he was of common origins.[3] He was originally an officer in the Egyptian army. His birthplace was Siuph at Saïs. He took part in a general campaign of Pharaoh Psamtik II in 592 BC in Nubia.[citation needed] A revolt which broke out among native Egyptian soldiers gave him his opportunity to seize the throne. These troops, returning home from a disastrous military expedition to Cyrene in Libya, suspected that they had been betrayed in order that Apries, the reigning king, might rule more absolutely by means of his Greek mercenaries; many Egyptians fully sympathized with them. General Amasis, sent to meet them and quell the revolt, was proclaimed king by the rebels instead, and Apries, who then had to rely entirely on his mercenaries, was defeated.[4] Apries fled to the Babylonians and was captured and killed mounting an invasion of his native homeland in 567 BCE with the aid of a Babylonian army.[5] An inscription confirms the struggle between the native Egyptian and the foreign soldiery, and proves that Apries was killed and honourably buried in the third year of Amasis (c. 567 BCE).[4] Amasis then married Chedebnitjerbone II, one of the daughters of his predecessor Apries, in order to legitimise his kingship.[6] Some information is known about the family origins of Amasis: his mother was a certain Tashereniset, as a bust of her, today located in the British Museum, shows.[7] A stone block from Mehallet el-Kubra also establishes that his maternal grandmother—Tashereniset's mother—was a certain Tjenmutetj.[7] His court is relatively well known. The head of the gate guard Ahmose-sa-Neith appears on numerous monuments, including the location of his sarcophagus. He was referenced on monuments of the 30th Dynasty and apparently had a special significance in his time. Wahibre was 'Leader of the southern foreigners' and 'Head of the doors of foreigners', so he was the highest official for border security. Under Amasis the career of the doctor, Udjahorresnet, began, who was of particular importance to the Persians. Several "heads of the fleet" are known. Psamtek Meryneit and Pasherientaihet / Padineith are the only known viziers. Herodotus describes how Amasis II would eventually cause a confrontation with the Persian armies. According to Herodotus, Amasis was asked by Cambyses II or Cyrus the Great for an Egyptian ophthalmologist on good terms. Amasis seems to have complied by forcing an Egyptian physician into mandatory labor, causing him to leave his family behind in Egypt and move to Persia in forced exile. In an attempt to exact revenge for this, the physician grew very close to Cambyses and suggested that Cambyses should ask Amasis for a daughter in marriage in order to solidify his bonds with the Egyptians. Cambyses complied and requested a daughter of Amasis for marriage.[8] Amasis, worrying that his daughter would be a concubine to the Persian king, refused to give up his offspring; Amasis also was not willing to take on the Persian empire, so he concocted a deception in which he forced the daughter of the ex-pharaoh Apries, whom Herodotus explicitly confirms to have been killed by Amasis, to go to Persia instead of his own offspring.[8][9][10] This daughter of Apries was none other than Nitetis, who was, as per Herodotus's account, "tall and beautiful." Nitetis naturally betrayed Amasis and upon being greeted by the Persian king explained Amasis's trickery and her true origins. This infuriated Cambyses and he vowed to take revenge for it. Amasis died before Cambyses reached him, but his heir and son Psamtik III was defeated by the Persians.[8][10] First, Cyrus the Great signed alliance agreements with the Lydian King Croesus and Nabonidus the Babylonian king in 542 BC. The actual aim of the agreements was to prevent aid between Egypt and her allies. With both now deprived of Egyptian support, the Persians conquered, first, Croesus's empire in 541 BCE, and, then, the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BCE. Herodotus also describes how, just like his predecessor, Amasis relied on Greek mercenaries and councilmen. One such figure was Phanes of Halicarnassus, who would later leave Amasis, for reasons that Herodotus does not clearly know, but suspects were personal between the two figures. Amasis sent one of his eunuchs to capture Phanes, but the eunuch was bested by the wise councilman and Phanes fled to Persia, meeting up with Cambyses and providing advice for his invasion of Egypt. Egypt was finally lost to the Persians during the battle of Pelusium in 525 BC.[10] Egypt's wealth Amasis brought Egypt into closer contact with Greece than ever before. Herodotus relates that under his prudent administration, Egypt reached a new level of wealth; Amasis adorned the temples of Lower Egypt especially with splendid monolithic shrines and other monuments (his activity here is proved by existing remains).[4] For example, a temple built by him was excavated at Tell Nebesha.[citation needed] Amasis assigned the commercial colony of Naucratis on the Canopic branch of the Nile to the Greeks, and when the temple of Delphi was burnt, he contributed 1,000 talents to the rebuilding. He also married a Greek princess named Ladice daughter of King Battus III and made alliances with Polycrates of Samos and Croesus of Lydia.[4] Montaigne cites the story by Herodotus that Ladice cured Amasis of his impotence by praying to Venus/Aphropdite.[11] Under Amasis, Egypt's agricultural based economy reached its zenith. Herodotus, who visited Egypt less than a century after Amasis II's death, writes that: It is said that it was during the reign of Ahmose II (Amasis) that Egypt attained its highest level of prosperity both in respect of what the river gave the land and in respect of what the land yielded to men and that the number of inhabited cities at that time reached in total 20,000.[12] His kingdom consisted probably of Egypt only, as far as the First Cataract, but to this he added Cyprus, and his influence was great in Cyrene, Libya.[4] In his fourth year (c. 567 BCE), Amasis was able to defeat an invasion of Egypt by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar II; henceforth, the Babylonians experienced sufficient difficulties controlling their empire that they were forced to abandon future attacks against Amasis.[13] However, Amasis was later faced with a more formidable enemy with the rise of Persia under Cyrus who ascended to the throne in 559 BCE; his final years were preoccupied by the threat of the impending Persian onslaught against Egypt.[14] With great strategic skill, Cyrus had destroyed Lydia in 546 BCE and finally defeated the Babylonians in 538 BCE which left Amasis with no major Near Eastern allies to counter Persia's increasing military might.[14] Amasis reacted by cultivating closer ties with the Greek states to counter the future Persian invasion into Egypt but was fortunate to have died in 526 BCE shortly before the Persians attacked.[14] The final assault instead fell upon his son Psamtik III, whom the Persians defeated in 525 BCE after he had reigned for only six months.[15] Tomb and desecration Amasis II died in 526 BC. He was buried at the royal necropolis of Sais, and while his tomb has never been discovered, Herodotus describes it for us: [It is] a great cloistered building of stone, decorated with pillars carved in the imitation of palm-trees, and other costly ornaments. Within the cloister is a chamber with double doors, and behind the doors stands the sepulchre.[16] Herodotus also relates the desecration of Ahmose II/Amasis' mummy when the Persian king Cambyses conquered Egypt and thus ended the 26th (Saite) Dynasty: [N]o sooner did [... Cambyses] enter the palace of Amasis that he gave orders for his [Amasis's] body to be taken from the tomb where it lay. This done, he proceeded to have it treated with every possible indignity, such as beating it with whips, sticking it with goads, and plucking its hairs. [... A]s the body had been embalmed and would not fall to pieces under the blows, Cambyses had it burned.[17] Later reputation From the fifth century BCE, there is evidence of stories circulating about Amasis, in Egyptian sources (including a demotic papyrus of the third century BCE), Herodotus, Hellanikos, and Plutarch's Convivium Septem Sapientium. 'In those tales Amasis was presented as a non-conventional Pharaoh, behaving in ways unbecoming to a king but gifted with practical wisdom and cunning, a trickster on the throne or a kind of comic Egyptian Solomon' |
savenije | |
243 | I868165 | Ambrosius | About 610 | Date unknown | 0 | Bf. v. Cahors Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
244 | I819075 | Amelung I. | About 750 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 811 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
245 | I819069 | Amelung II. | About 805 | Date unknown | 0 | machte um 837 in Rimbeck im sächsischen Hessen an Corvey eine Stiftung, 846 tot Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
246 | I796950 | Amenemhet | About -1452 | Date unknown | 0 | Kronprinz, Aufseher der Rinder 1443, stirbt vor dem Vater | savenije | |
247 | I796908 | Amenemope | -1035 | Date unknown | 0 | Hohepriester des Amun in Theben | savenije | |
248 | I822722 | Amenhotep | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Soldat, Vorsteher der Rekruten | savenije | |
249 | I822806 | Amenhotep | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | vielleicht Sohn Amenhoteps II. | savenije | |
250 | I822943 | Amenhotep | About -1165 | Date unknown | 0 | Hohepriester des Amun in Theben vor 1117-um 1093 | savenije | |
251 | I822724 | Amenhotep | About -1385 | Date unknown | 0 | "großer Haushofmeister des Königs zu Memphis" | savenije | |
252 | I822799 | Amenhotep | About -1417 | Date unknown | 0 | Sem-Priestes des Ptah in Memphis, wohl ursprünglich der Thornfolger starb er vor dem Vater | savenije | |
253 | I822954 | Amenirdis | About -770 | Date unknown | 0 | Gottesgemahlin des Amun in Theben um 740-720 | savenije | |
254 | I794217 | Amenmesse | About -1225 | Date unknown | 0 | Tal der Könige (KV10) | savenije | |
255 | I835852 | Amenmose | About -1305 | Date unknown | 0 | Bürgermeister v. Theben | savenije | |
256 | I822663 | Amenwahsu | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Schreiber der Königlichen Tafel | savenije | |
257 | I868840 | Amerna | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
258 | I837707 | Amlawdd | About 425 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
259 | I817823 | Amnia Demetrias | About 245 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
260 | I792525 | Amnius Anicius Iulianus | About 265 | Date unknown | 0 | Proconsul Africae um 297, consul II. 322, praefectus urbi 13.11.326 bis 07.09.329 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
261 | I817818 | Amnius Manius Caesonius Nicomachus Anicius Paulinus | About 295 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 334, PUR 334-5 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
262 | I826024 | Amnon | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | ermordet vom Bruder Absalom | savenije | |
263 | I826024 | Amnon | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
264 | I825970 | Amphion | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
265 | I838886 | Amram | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
266 | I850049 | Amulius | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | König v. Alba Longa 796-754 | savenije | |
267 | I793628 | Amulrada | About 970 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
268 | I822591 | Amunherchepeschef | About -1286 | Date unknown | 0 | Wedelträger zur Rechten des Königs, Erbe und Kronprinz, Königlicher Schreiber, General, Befehlshaber der Truppen, wirklicher Vertrauter | savenije | |
269 | I822777 | Amunmose | About -1497 | Date unknown | 0 | Kronprinz | savenije | |
270 | I821619 | Amýntas | About -375 | Date unknown | 0 | makedonischer Adeliger, befehligt 334 eine Phalanx | savenije | |
271 | I796888 | Ana | About -945 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
272 | I843553 | Anani | About -455 | Date unknown | 0 | Prinz von Israel um 425-405 Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
273 | I850870 | Ananias | About -160 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
274 | I842073 | Anastasia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
275 | I817980 | Anastasia | About 352 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
276 | I842077 | Anastasia | About 500 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
277 | I820646 | Anastasia Aerobinda | About 570 | Date unknown | 0 | unsicher Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
278 | I816840 | Anastasius | About 530 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
279 | I825863 | Anaxo | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
280 | I824909 | Ancharia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
281 | I825879 | Anchinoe | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
282 | I822883 | Anchnesneferibre | About -600 | Date unknown | 0 | Gottesgemahlin des Amun in Theben 595-525, Hohepriesterin des Amun in Theben 595-560 | savenije | |
283 | I844982 | Ancus Marcius | -675 | Date unknown | 0 | 4. König v. Rom 640-616 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
284 | I833658 | Andreas | About 640 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
285 | I825865 | Andromeda | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
286 | I822824 | Anen | About -1385 | Date unknown | 0 | 2. Prophet des Amun | savenije | |
287 | I837293 | Angas | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
288 | I30918 | Angila | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
289 | I792526 | Anicia | About 270 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
290 | I792512 | Anicia | About 360 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
291 | I817816 | Anicia Faltonia Proba | About 355 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
292 | I817814 | Anicia Iuliana | About 380 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
293 | I817808 | Anicia Iuliana | 462 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
294 | I825271 | Anicia Proba | About 380 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
295 | I818095 | Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus | About 395 | Date unknown | 0 | PUR um 42, 425 u. 425/37, cos. 438 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
296 | I792521 | Anicius Auchenius Bassus | About 320 | Date unknown | 0 | Proconsul von Campanien 379, praefectus urbis 382 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
297 | I817815 | Anicius Auchenius Bassus | About 355 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 408 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
298 | I817822 | Anicius Faustus | About 240 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. II. 298, PUR 299-300 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
299 | I794398 | Anicius Faustus Paulinus | About 185 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. suff. 220/25, Legat in Moesia inferior 225/30 Religion: rèom. |
savenije | |
300 | I817811 | Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius | About 375 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 395 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
301 | I817809 | Anicius Olybrius | About 470 | Date unknown | 0 | () | savenije | |
302 | I817809 | Anicius Olybrius | About 470 | Date unknown | 0 | c.p. 476/83, PPo It. 503 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
303 | I817805 | Anicius Olybrius | About 480 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 491 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
304 | I825132 | Anicius Petronius Probinus | About 374 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 395 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
305 | I817813 | Anicius Probus | About 405 | Date unknown | 0 | praet. 424, v. ill. 459 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
306 | I817810 | Anicius Probus | About 435 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
307 | I825129 | Anicius Probus | About 435 | Date unknown | 0 | v.c. Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
308 | I817797 | Anicius Probus | About 495 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 525 () Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
309 | I838128 | Anicius Probus Faustus | About 450 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 490, PPO It. 509 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
310 | I822918 | Ankhefensekhmet | About -1005 | Date unknown | 0 | Hohepriester des Ptah in Memphis um 960-940 | savenije | |
311 | I837649 | Anlach | About 403 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
312 | I817122 | Anna | Date unknown | Saturday 20 June 1705 | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
313 | I820416 | Anna | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1473 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
314 | I829912 | Anna | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Sophienkirche | savenije | |
315 | I829912 | Anna | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Saint Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
316 | I847827 | Anna | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 944 Witwe Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
317 | I875905 | Anna | Date unknown | After 1568 | 0 | Urkunde 1568 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
318 | I825452 | Annaea | About 55 | Date unknown | 0 | unsicher, vielleicht Verwandte des Dichters Seneca Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
319 | I832752 | Anne | About 930 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
320 | I824921 | Annia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
321 | I857571 | Annia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
322 | I834907 | Annia | About 92 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
323 | I825610 | Annia | About 93 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
324 | I835452 | Annia | About 255 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
325 | I870950 | Annia Aurelia Cornificia | About 210 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
326 | I834869 | Annia Aurelia Faustina | About 185 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
327 | I870953 | Annia Aurelia Flavia Archelais | About 230 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
328 | I816951 | Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla | Saturday 07 March 150 | 181 | 0 | jüngere Zwillingsschwester des Gemellus | savenije | |
329 | I816951 | Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla | Saturday 07 March 150 | 181 | 0 | hingerichtet | savenije | |
330 | I816951 | Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla | Saturday 07 March 150 | 181 | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
331 | I834905 | Annia Cornificia Faustina | 122 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
332 | I834945 | Annia Faustina | About 165 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
333 | I825611 | Annia Fundantia Faustina | About 120 | Date unknown | 0 | ermordet auf Befel Ks. Commodus | savenije | |
334 | I825611 | Annia Fundantia Faustina | About 120 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
335 | I834888 | Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina | About 151 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
336 | I816733 | Annia Galeria Faustina | About 100 | Date unknown | 0 | 21.9. | savenije | |
337 | I816733 | Annia Galeria Faustina | About 100 | Date unknown | 0 | vor 24.10. | savenije | |
338 | I816733 | Annia Galeria Faustina | About 100 | Date unknown | 0 | Hadriansmausoleum | savenije | |
339 | I816733 | Annia Galeria Faustina | About 100 | Date unknown | 0 | Augusta 138 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
340 | I816832 | Annia Galeria Faustina Minor | About 128 | 176 | 0 | 16.2. | savenije | |
341 | I816832 | Annia Galeria Faustina Minor | About 128 | 176 | 0 | Kappadokien | savenije | |
342 | I816832 | Annia Galeria Faustina Minor | About 128 | 176 | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
343 | I825293 | Annia VIbia Faustina | About 120 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
344 | I857574 | Annius | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
345 | I834375 | Annius Plautius | About -35 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
346 | I834375 | Annius Plautius | About -35 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. suff. 1 BCE . Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
347 | I434109 | Ansbert | About 520 | Date unknown | 0 | Senator Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
348 | I832187 | Anselm I. | About 860 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 911 (unsicher) Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
349 | I816340 | Ansfled | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
350 | I831366 | Ansfride | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Witwe des Anskill Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
351 | I30552 | Ansprand | About 657 | Date unknown | 0 | Herzog v. Asti 688, König der Langobarden als Reichsverweser 712, Gründer der Hadrianskapelle in Pavia, Vormund des Königs Liutpert, floh beim Machtantritt Ariperts II. ins bayrische Exil, während seine Familie in die Hände Ariperts fiel. Seinem ältesten Sohn wurden die Augen ausgestochen, seiner Frau Theodorada und seiner Schwester Aurona ließ Aripert Nase und Ohren abschneiden; nur den jüngsten Sohn, Liutprand, ließ er nach Bayern entkommen. Nach 9-jährigem Exil kehrte er mit einem bayrischen Heer zurück und wurde für drei Monate König. Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
352 | I30552 | Ansprand | About 657 | Date unknown | 0 | Ansprand (auch Asprand; * 660/661; † 712) war im Jahr 712 König der Langobarden. Leben Nach dem Tod des Königs Cunincpert im Jahr 700 wurde Ansprand Regent für dessen minderjährigen Sohn und Thronfolger Liutpert.[1] Dagegen erhob sich acht Monate nach dem Tod Cunincperts Raginpert, der Herzog von Turin, der sich gegen Ansprand in der Schlacht von Novara durchsetzen konnte. Zwar starb Raginpert bereits 701, doch wurde daraufhin dessen Sohn Aripert II. König.[2] In der Schlacht bei Ticinum (Pavia) besiegte Aripert II. das Heer König Liutperts unter Ansprand, Ato, Tatzo, Rotharit und Farao, nahm Liutpert gefangen.[2] Ansprand floh zunächst auf die Isola Comacina, eine Insel im Comersee, wo er sich verschanzte. Als Ariperts Heer anrückte floh Ansprand über Clavenna (Chiavenna), den Splügenpass[3] und Curia (Chur) zu Theudebert[4] an den bairischen Hof.[5] Der junge Liutpert wurde 703 von Aripert als potenzieller Thronrivalen ermordet.[6] Ansprands Familie wurde verstümmelt: Seinem Sohn Sigiprand wurden die Augen ausgestochen, seiner Frau Theodora und seiner Tochter Aurona wurden Nase und Ohren abgeschnitten, lediglich Ansprands kleiner Sohn Liutprand durfte zu seinem Vater ins Exil.[7] Der bairische Herzog Theudebert, wie die langobardischen Könige ein Agilolfinger, beherbergte Ansprand neun Jahre im Exil und unterstützte ihn nach Kräften. 712 stellte er ihm ein Heer zur Verfügung, mit dem Ansprand über die Alpen zog.[8] Bei Pavia kam es zur Schlacht mit Ariperts Heer. Diese war offenbar noch nicht entschieden, da setzte sich Aripert abends von seinem Heer ab, um die Nacht im Palast zu verbringen. Das Heer fühlte sich verraten und meuterte. Aripert floh aus Pavia und ertrank im Ticinus, den er mit Schätzen beladen durchschwimmen wollte. Ansprand konnte seine Nachfolge unangefochten antreten.[9] Er überlebte seinen Sieg über Aripert aber nur um drei Monate. In einigen Manuscripten der Origo Gentis Langobardorum wurde eine Herrschaftsdauer von drei Jahren überliefert.[10] Nachfolger wurde sein Sohn Liutprand. |
savenije | |
353 | I818081 | Anteia | About 15 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
354 | I834383 | Anteia | About 60 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
355 | I823085 | Anthemius | About 370 | Date unknown | 0 | Comes sacrarum larg. 400, mag.officiorum 404, praef.praet. im Osten 405-414, Cos. 405 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
356 | I832534 | Anthemius | About 452 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
357 | I835441 | Anthousa | About 410 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
358 | I835439 | Anthousa | About 430 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
359 | I843563 | Antigone | About -340 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
360 | I825961 | Antioche | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
361 | I835447 | Antiochos | About 385 | Date unknown | 0 | dux Phoeniciae Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
362 | I825972 | Antiope | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
363 | I816953 | Antipatros I. | About -145 | Date unknown | 0 | Stratege um 108 (Vorfahren zweifelhaft) Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
364 | I816810 | Antistia | About -100 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
365 | I825371 | Antistia | About -170 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
366 | I825818 | Antonia | About 80 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
367 | I835058 | Antonia | About 140 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
368 | I835025 | Antonia | About 250 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
369 | I835075 | Antonia Caenis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Konkubine, trat aber bei öffentlichen Auftritten wie eine Ehefrau Vespasians auf Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
370 | I838069 | Antonia Callisto | About 150 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
371 | I841987 | Antonia Furnilla | About 20 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
372 | I824870 | Antonia Hybrida | About -70 | Date unknown | 0 | 44-37 verlobt mit Lepidus Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
373 | I824877 | Antonia Maior | -39 | Date unknown | 0 | August/September | savenije | |
374 | I824877 | Antonia Maior | -39 | Date unknown | 0 | n. Chr. | savenije | |
375 | I824877 | Antonia Maior | -39 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
376 | I818015 | Antonia Marcianilla | About 340 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
377 | I824878 | Antonia Minor | -31 January 36 | Date unknown | 0 | Sept./Okt. | savenije | |
378 | I824878 | Antonia Minor | -31 January 36 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
379 | I825853 | Antonia Sedata | About 25 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
380 | I818018 | Antonius Marcellinus | About 265 | Date unknown | 0 | praeses Lugd. prim. 313 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
381 | I818017 | Antonius Marcellinus | About 295 | Date unknown | 0 | PPO It. 340, cos. 341 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
382 | I818016 | Antonius Marcellinus | About 315 | Date unknown | 0 | vir consularis Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
383 | I816908 | Antonius Plautius | About -90 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
384 | I816908 | Antonius Plautius | About -90 | Date unknown | 0 | praet. 51 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
385 | I825851 | Antonius Sospes | About 45 | Date unknown | 0 | Redner in Korinth Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
386 | I850054 | Aollius | About -750 | Date unknown | 0 | starb fünf Monate vor seinem Vater Romulus | savenije | |
387 | I840665 | Aphrodite | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | wurde aus dem Samen ihres Vaters und dem Meer geboren | savenije | |
388 | I825953 | Apihdas | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
389 | I849327 | Apollinaris | About 300 | Date unknown | 0 | Praefekt in Gallien 337/40 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
390 | I849322 | Apollinaris | About 380 | Date unknown | 0 | PPO Galliarum 408/9, trat als erster der Familie zum Christentum über Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
391 | I849323 | Apollinaris | About 402 | Date unknown | 0 | besaß ein Landgut bei Nimes (Vorocingus), das an das des Tonantius Ferreolus angrenzte, nach 469 lebte er mit seinem Bruder Simplicius in Vaison, 474 wurde er von Chilperich beschuldigt, zugunsten des Ks. Iulius Nepos gewirkt zu haben Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
392 | I825960 | Apollon | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
393 | I842126 | Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla | About 125 | Date unknown | 0 | Priesterin der Demeter Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
394 | I834941 | Appia Severa | About 55 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
395 | I835036 | Appia Suetria Sabina | About 200 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
396 | I835040 | Appia Veturia Aurelia Coeciva Sabinilla | About 150 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
397 | I842127 | Appius Annius Gallus | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
398 | I835026 | Appius Caecina Suetrius Sabinus | About 215 | Date unknown | 0 | consularis vir Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
399 | I825418 | Appius Claudius Caecus | About -340 | Date unknown | 0 | quaest. um 316, curul. aedil I. um 313, cens. 316, cos. I. 307, curul. aedil II. um 305, interrex 298, praet. I. vor 297, cos. II. 296, praet. II. 295, dictator 292-285, Erbauer der Via Appia un der Aqua Appia, berühmter Jurist u. Redner Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
400 | I825420 | Appius Claudius Crassus | About -400 | Date unknown | 0 | dict. 362, cos. 349 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
401 | I825422 | Appius Claudius Crassus | About -460 | Date unknown | 0 | Konsulartribun 424 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
402 | I825423 | Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus | About -500 | Date unknown | 0 | Selbstmord | savenije | |
403 | I825423 | Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus | About -500 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 471 u. 451, Xvir consulari imperio legibus scribendis 451-449 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
404 | I825424 | Appius Claudius Crassus Sabinus Inregillensis | About -530 | After -495 | 0 | Appius Claudius Ap. f. M. n. Sabinus Regillensis (or Inregillensis),[i] was a member of the great patrician house of the Claudii at Ancient Rome. He held the consulship in 471 BC.[2] Family Appius was the son of Attius Clausus, a wealthy Sabine merchant who emigrated to Rome with a large following in 504 BC, and was admitted to the patriciate under the name of Appius Claudius Sabinus.[3][4][5] The elder Claudius became a senator, and held the consulship in 495; he distinguished himself as the leading figure in the aristocratic party, and the fiercest opponent of the plebeians. He had at least two sons: Appius, the consul of 471, and Gaius, who was consul in 460.[2] The younger Appius is usually regarded as the father of Appius Claudius Crassus, the decemvir, and is so described by both Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. However, in the Capitoline Fasti, the decemvir is described as consul for the second time in BC 451 (before he resigned to join the decemvirate), and is given the filiation Ap. f. M. n., explicitly identifying him with the consul of 471.[2][6][7] If the two men were the same, instead of father and son, then the decemvir must have been an older man, since he had been a candidate for the consulship in 482, and was thus probably born before 510 BC; but Livy calls Appius the youngest of the decemvirs, and he is generally supposed to have been the father of Appius Claudius Crassus, consular tribune in 424 BC.[8] In addition, Appius, the consul of 471, was well known for his severity and hatred of the plebeians; while Appius the decemvir was thought to be mild and fair toward the plebeians, until his true nature was revealed during the second year of the decemvirate. The matter cannot be definitively answered at this time.[2] Career Appius was a candidate for the consulship of 482 BC, but his election was blocked by the tribunes of the plebs.[9] Nine years later, the patricians succeeded in electing him consul, with the goal of preventing the law proposed by the tribune Volero Publilius, transferring the election of the tribunes of the plebs from the comitia curiata to the comitia tributa.[ii] Appius' colleague was Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus. On the day appointed for the election, the consuls, a number of senators of consular rank, and other members of the Roman aristocracy attempted to block the passage of the law. Gaius Laetorius, one of the tribunes, who had unwisely harangued Appius and his family the previous day, and vowed with his life to see the law carried through, ordered the patricians to depart so that the plebeians could vote on the matter. When Appius refused to budge and argued that Laetorius had used the wrong legal formula to dismiss his opponents, Laetorius demanded his removal by force. Appius in turn sent a lictor to arrest the tribune, but the crowd protected him and turned on Appius, who was hurried out of the Forum at his colleague's urging.[12] The next day, Quinctius, who had helped settle the crowd and managed to have the matter postponed until passions had calmed, urged the Senate to defer to the people, as the stand off between the patricians and plebeians over this issue was threatening the state itself. Appius argued that this course of action amounted to cowardice, and that the Senate was submitting itself to oppression by the plebeians. But Quinctius' argument carried the day and the Senate agreed to allow the passage of the lex Publilia.[13] Later in the year, Appius was given command of a Roman army, and sent to fight the Volsci. Stung by his defeat at the hands of the tribunes, the consul was determined to subject his army to the harshest discipline. But his disrespect for the plebeians was so notorious that his soldiers were openly insubordinate and disobedient. They refused to attack the enemy, instead retreating to their camp, and only turning against the Volscian forces when they were attacked themselves. His officers dissuaded Appius from taking immediate action against the soldiers, but the army was attacked again and fell into disarray as it left the camp.[14][15] After reaching the safety of Roman territory, Appius gathered the remnants of his army, and ordered that all of the soldiers who had lost their equipment or standards, and all of the officers who had deserted their posts should be flogged and beheaded. He then punished the remainder of the army with decimation, the earliest instance of this particular punishment occurring in Roman history.[16][15][17] In 470 BC, Appius opposed the agrarian law originally proposed by Spurius Cassius Viscellinus, and was summoned to answer for his conduct by the plebeian tribunes, Marcus Duilius and Gnaeus Siccius. At his trial, Appius had the full support of the Senate, which viewed him as the champion of the aristocratic order. He replied to the charges with such pride, vigour and contempt that "one might have thought that he was prosecuting his accusers rather than defending himself against them."[18] Uncertain how to proceed, the tribunes adjourned the trial. However, Appius fell ill and died before it could before it could be resumed.[iii] A eulogy was given, which the tribunes attempted to prevent. But here popular opinion was against them, so great was Appius' majesty that thousands attended his funeral and listened to the words spoken in praise of their enemy. |
savenije | |
405 | I825544 | Appius Claudius Nero | About -170 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
406 | I825546 | Appius Claudius Nero | About -235 | Date unknown | 0 | quaest. 195 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
407 | I817004 | Appius Claudius Pulcher | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
408 | I825375 | Appius Claudius Pulcher | About -35 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
409 | I825375 | Appius Claudius Pulcher | About -35 | Date unknown | 0 | IIIvir monet. um 11 BCE . Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
410 | I824908 | Appius Claudius Pulcher | About -75 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 38 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
411 | I824966 | Appius Claudius Pulcher | About -97 | -48 | 0 | leg. 72, 71-70, aug. 63, praet. de de repetundis 57, promag. Sardinia 56, cos. 54, proscos. 53-51, cens. 50, procos. Grec. 49 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
412 | I825363 | Appius Claudius Pulcher | About 120 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. suff. Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
413 | I825367 | Appius Claudius Pulcher | About -139 | Date unknown | 0 | quaest. 99, aedil um 91, praet. 89, cos. 79, interrex 78, procos. Maced. 77-76 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
414 | I825368 | Appius Claudius Pulcher | About -185 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 143, cens. u. princeps senatus 136, IIIvir agris dividendis 133-130, salier u. Aug. Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
415 | I825416 | Appius Claudius Pulcher | About -255 | Date unknown | 0 | aedil 217, rtrib. mil. 216, praet. Sicilia 215, propraet 214-213, cos. 212, procos. 211 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
416 | I817049 | Appuleia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
417 | I835101 | Apronia | About 7 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
418 | I835101 | Apronia | About 7 | Date unknown | 0 | von ihrem Mann aus dem Fenster geworfen | savenije | |
419 | I835101 | Apronia | About 7 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
420 | I838101 | Aquilia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
421 | I834414 | Aquilia | About 100 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
422 | I825623 | Aquilia | About 110 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
423 | I825645 | Aquilia | About 112 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
424 | I834401 | Aquilia | About 115 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
425 | I835007 | Aquilia Blaesilla | About 90 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
426 | I825437 | Aquilia Nigrina | About 115 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
427 | I792503 | Aquilinus | About 430 | Date unknown | 0 | consularis vir in Lyon Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
428 | I834432 | Aquilius | About -275 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
429 | I834428 | Aquilius Gallus | About -165 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
430 | I834430 | Aquilius Gallus | About -190 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
431 | I849312 | Araneola | About 440 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
432 | I824832 | Arcadia | Monday 03 April 400 | Date unknown | 0 | weihte sich dem jungfräulichen Leben Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
433 | I824835 | Arcadius | About 430 | Date unknown | 0 | jung | savenije | |
434 | I824835 | Arcadius | About 430 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
435 | I825954 | Arcas | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
436 | I825470 | Archedamis | About -75 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
437 | I821698 | Archelaos | About -75 | Date unknown | 0 | Hoheprister in Comana/Kappadokien 55-51 (abgesetzt) Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
438 | I821696 | Archelaos | About -100 | Date unknown | 0 | Jan./Febr. | savenije | |
439 | I821696 | Archelaos | About -100 | Date unknown | 0 | Hohepriester in Comana/Kappadokien | savenije | |
440 | I822554 | Archelaos | About -120 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: pag | savenije | |
441 | I819013 | Ardabur | About 420 | 471 | 0 | im Kaiserpalast ermordet | savenije | |
442 | I819013 | Ardabur | About 420 | 471 | 0 | cos., magister militum per orientem und Patricius Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
443 | I816687 | Ardarich | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | König d. Gepiden um 450 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
444 | I835920 | Arechis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
445 | I16670 | Aremburge | About 877 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
446 | I869386 | Aremburgis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
447 | I816652 | Areobindus | About 485 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
448 | I824773 | Areobindus | About 510 | Date unknown | 0 | Senator, General Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
449 | I825901 | Ares | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
450 | I793149 | Argentael | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
451 | I857364 | Arignote | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
452 | I822371 | Arioald | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | König d. Langobarden 626-636 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
453 | I846198 | Ariobia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
454 | I825997 | Ariphron | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
455 | I825998 | Ariphron | About -488 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
456 | I868291 | Arkil | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
457 | I868293 | Arkil | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
458 | I835446 | Armenius | About 245 | Date unknown | 0 | nobilis vir aus Kappadokien, Nachkomme des Orestes Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
459 | I835445 | Armenius | About 275 | Date unknown | 0 | comes Aegyptiae 303/6 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
460 | I849305 | Armentaria | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
461 | I796837 | Arnan | About -430 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
462 | I823165 | Arrecina Clementina | About 12 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
463 | I824862 | Arrecina Tertulla | About 40 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
464 | I837882 | Arrecinus | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
465 | I834387 | Arria | About 5 | Date unknown | 0 | Selbstmord | savenije | |
466 | I834387 | Arria | About 5 | Date unknown | 0 | Stoikerin, als ihr Mann bei dem vom Kaiser verordneten Selbstmord zögerte, nahm sie den Dolch, stieß ihn sich in die Brust und gab ihn mit den Worten "Paete, non dolet (Paetus, es schmerzt nicht)" an ihren Mann zurück. Diese durch Plinius überlieferte Tat begründete ihren Ruhm. Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
467 | I834385 | Arria | About 20 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
468 | I823141 | Arria Caesennia Paulina | About 120 | Date unknown | 0 | dom.figl. 138/161 | savenije | |
469 | I816736 | Arria Fadilla | About 65 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
470 | I834440 | Arria Plaria Vera Priscilla | About 65 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
471 | I842110 | Arria Sabina | About 55 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
472 | I834303 | Arriana | About 410 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
473 | I816872 | Arrius | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
474 | I869114 | Arsaber | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
475 | I832764 | Arsende | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
476 | I816593 | Artabanos | About 515 | Date unknown | 0 | mag. mil., 538/39 Fst.; emigriert 542 nach Byzanz, mag. mil. Afr. 546, mag. mil. in Thrakien 550-554 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
477 | I31174 | Artabastos | About 611 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
478 | I817944 | Artemia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
479 | I817942 | Artemia | About 370 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
480 | I792500 | Artemia | About 485 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
481 | I794405 | Artemidoros | About -20 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
482 | I794405 | Artemidoros | About -20 | Date unknown | 0 | vornehmer Galater | savenije | |
483 | I870911 | Artemidorus | About 50 | Date unknown | 0 | syrischer Philosoph Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
484 | I825820 | Artemisia | About 50 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
485 | I841993 | Artoria | About -30 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
486 | I841993 | Artoria | About -30 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
487 | I816259 | Arycan | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Rumänin Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
488 | I826039 | Asael | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
489 | I841273 | Ascala | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1142 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
490 | I822131 | Ascarius | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
491 | I30866 | Aschken | About 260 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
492 | I817853 | Asclepias | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
493 | I824804 | Asclepiodotus | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 423 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
494 | I817958 | Ascyla | About 354 | Date unknown | 0 | enthauptet | savenije | |
495 | I817958 | Ascyla | About 354 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
496 | I822919 | Ashakhet | About -1030 | Date unknown | 0 | Hohepriester des Ptah in Memphis um 990-960 | savenije | |
497 | I833884 | Ashanoush | About 605 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
498 | I843706 | Ashi | About 395 | Date unknown | 0 | Rosh Yeshiva in Sura Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
499 | I30867 | Ashkhadar | About 240 | Date unknown | 0 | König d. Alanen in Ossetien | savenije | |
500 | I819066 | Asig I. | About 780 | Date unknown | 0 | Graf im fränkischen und sächsischen Hessengau vor 836, 843 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
501 | I824617 | Asig II. | About 805 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
502 | I825594 | Asinia | About 215 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
503 | I835091 | Asinia | About 220 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
504 | I794400 | Asinia Iuliana Nicomacha | About 215 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
505 | I824895 | Asinia Polla | About 120 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
506 | I834316 | Asinia Praetextata | About 220 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
507 | I825481 | Asinius Pollio | About 100 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
508 | I832395 | Aslaug | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: nord. | savenije | |
509 | I825903 | Asopos | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
510 | I825991 | Aspasia | About -470 | About -410 | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
511 | I837414 | Asruth | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
512 | I835444 | Asterius | About 310 | Date unknown | 0 | comes Armeniae 350/7 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
513 | I31184 | Athanagild | About 515 | 567 | 0 | König d. Westgoten als Gegekönig 551, allein ab 555 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
514 | I31176 | Athanagild | About 580 | Date unknown | 0 | lebt im Exil in Byzanz Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
515 | I811485 | Athanarich | About 320 | Wednesday 21 January 381 | 0 | Fst. der Terwingen (Westgoten) vor 346, 366 vom Stammesrat zum Richterkönig gewählt Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
516 | I849413 | Athanasius | About 535 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
517 | I823072 | Athaulf | About 380 | August 415 | 0 | ermordet | savenije | |
518 | I823072 | Athaulf | About 380 | August 415 | 0 | König d. Westgoten 410-415 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
519 | I823521 | Athelaise | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
520 | I825836 | Athenagoras I. | About -220 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
521 | I825835 | Athenagoras II. | About -185 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
522 | I816667 | Athenais | About 405 | Wednesday 20 October 460 | 0 | Stephanuskirche | savenije | |
523 | I816667 | Athenais | About 405 | Wednesday 20 October 460 | 0 | Dichterin, Mitkaiserin 423-439, lebt ab 443 in Jerusalem, dort Erbauerin der Stephanuskirche Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
524 | I850886 | Athronges | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
525 | I816823 | Atia Balba | About -88 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
526 | I824963 | Atilia | About -90 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
527 | I842128 | Atilia Caucidia Tertulla | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
528 | I834475 | Atilia Sabina | About 40 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
529 | I817138 | Atius Balbus | About -140 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
530 | I825897 | Atlas | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
531 | I835093 | Attica | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
532 | I849314 | Attica | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
533 | I870956 | Attidia Praetextata | About 198 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
534 | I816689 | Attila | About 396 | Date unknown | 0 | Blutsturz in der Hochzeitsnacht mit Hildico | savenije | |
535 | I816689 | Attila | About 396 | Date unknown | 0 | König d. Hunnen 434 (gemeinsam mit Bruder Bleda), allein 445, zwang 448 Ostrom zu einer jährlichen Zwangsabgabe, drang 451 über den Rhein bis zur Loire vor, wurde aber auf den Katalaunischen Feldern bei Troyes von Aetius besiegt. Von einem Vorstoß auf Rom sah Attila daraufhin ab (wegen Seuchengefahr im Heer, angeblich auf Eingreifen von Papst Leo I.). Die Zahl seiner Söhne geht in die zwei Dutzend, die Mütter sind meist nicht sicher zuzuordnen; nach seinem Tod in der Hochzeitsnacht mit (der Germanin ) Hildico im pannonischen Standlager zerfiel sein Reich. Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
536 | I850040 | Atys | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | König v. Alba Longa 991-965 | savenije | |
537 | I835046 | Auchenia Bassa | About 285 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
538 | I822309 | Audovera | About 535 | Date unknown | 0 | ermordet | savenije | |
539 | I822309 | Audovera | About 535 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
540 | I792571 | Auduin | About 511 | Date unknown | 0 | König d. Langobarden 548, Zuordnung der Ehefrauen unsicher Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
541 | I792562 | Augin | About 450 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
542 | I841997 | Aulus Antonius Rufus | About 0 | Date unknown | 0 | cos.suff. 45 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
543 | I825072 | Aulus Atilius Serranus | About -232 | Date unknown | 0 | aedil 194, praet. 192, PUR 173, promag. 172, leg. 172 u. 171, cos. 170 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
544 | I834388 | Aulus Caecina | About -25 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
545 | I834388 | Aulus Caecina | About -25 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
546 | I834391 | Aulus Caecina | About -95 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
547 | I834392 | Aulus Caecina | About -120 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
548 | I834390 | Aulus Caecina Largus | About -70 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
549 | I834386 | Aulus Caecina Paetus | About 0 | Date unknown | 0 | Selbstmord | savenije | |
550 | I834386 | Aulus Caecina Paetus | About 0 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. suff. 37, wird nach einer aufgedeckten Verschwörung gegen Kaiser Claudius zum Selbstmord gezwungen Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
551 | I834389 | Aulus Caecina Severus | About -45 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
552 | I834389 | Aulus Caecina Severus | About -45 | Date unknown | 0 | n. Chr. | savenije | |
553 | I834389 | Aulus Caecina Severus | About -45 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. suff. 1 BCE ., procos. Afr. Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
554 | I835027 | Aulus Caecina Tacitus | About 195 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. um 230, PUR um 250 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
555 | I835024 | Aulus Caecina Tacitus | About 240 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 273, procos. Baet. Ende 3 Jh. Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
556 | I841991 | Aulus Caepio Crispinus | About -25 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
557 | I841991 | Aulus Caepio Crispinus | About -25 | Date unknown | 0 | n. Chr. | savenije | |
558 | I841991 | Aulus Caepio Crispinus | About -25 | Date unknown | 0 | quaest. in Bithynien 16 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
559 | I825640 | Aulus Egnatius Priscilianus | About 135 | Date unknown | 0 | Philosoph Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
560 | I842122 | Aulus Egrilius Rufus | About 55 | Date unknown | 0 | II v. aus Ostia Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
561 | I838079 | Aulus Iulius | About 5 | Date unknown | 0 | n. Chr. | savenije | |
562 | I838079 | Aulus Iulius | About 5 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
563 | I836560 | Aulus Iulius | About 120 | Date unknown | 0 | adeliger Epheser Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
564 | I842111 | Aulus Larcius Gallus | About 15 | Date unknown | 0 | (röm.) Ritter aus Antium, Etrusker Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
565 | I842105 | Aulus Larcius Lepidus | About 105 | Date unknown | 0 | cos.suff. 144 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
566 | I842109 | Aulus Larcius Quirinus Lepidus Sulpicianus | About 40 | Date unknown | 0 | um 67/68 quaest. propraet. prov. Cretae et Cyrenarum, leg. imp. Vespasiani Caes.Aug.leg. X Fredensis 70, erhielt im jüdischen Krieg die dona militaria, tr. pl. und Legat von Pontus-Bithynien, wo er starb Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
567 | I842107 | Aulus Larcius Quirinus Priscus | About 72 | Date unknown | 0 | quaest. prov. Asiae, leg. Aug. leg. IV. Scythicae, stellvertretender Legat von Syrien, tr.pl., praet, praef. frumenti dandi, leg. prov. Baeticae Hispan., procos. prov. Galliae Narb., leg. Aug. leg. II. Augustae, leg. Aug. pr.pr. exercitus Africani, cos. suff. 110 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
568 | I824980 | Aulus Manlius Capitolinus | About -430 | Date unknown | 0 | Consulartribun 389, 387, 383 u. 370 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
569 | I824970 | Aulus Manlius Torquatus | About -245 | Date unknown | 0 | trib. mil. 208 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
570 | I824981 | Aulus Manlius Vulso Capitolinus | About -445 | Date unknown | 0 | Consulartribun 405, 402 u. 395 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
571 | I824982 | Aulus Manlius Vulso Capitolinus | About -470 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
572 | I834371 | Aulus Plautius | About 55 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
573 | I825256 | Aulus Postumius Tubertus | About -490 | Date unknown | 0 | dic. 431 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
574 | I853555 | Aulus VItellius | About -12 | Date unknown | 0 | cos.suff. 32 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
575 | I824950 | Aulus VItellius Germanicus | Thursday 24 September 15 | Sunday 22 December 69 | 0 | cos. 48, procos. Africae 60/61, Ks. 2.1.69, am 20.12.69 unter der Führung des Antonius Primus aus dem Kaiseramt gejagd, öffentlich vorgeführt, am Haken durch Rom geschleift und tot in den Tiber geworfen Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
576 | I823082 | Aunemundus | About 470 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
577 | I870795 | Aunulf | About 642 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
578 | I838118 | Aurelia | About 145 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
579 | I834994 | Aurelia | About 170 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
580 | I834963 | Aurelia | About 265 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
581 | I839330 | Aurelia | About 365 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
582 | I816827 | Aurelia Cotta | About -130 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
583 | I816731 | Aurelia Fadilla | About 116 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
584 | I835019 | Aurelia Iovina | About 300 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
585 | I816757 | Aurelia Pompeiana | About 210 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
586 | I816831 | Aurelia Vera | About 166 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
587 | I849291 | Aurelianus | About 470 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
588 | I834964 | Aurelius | About 235 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
589 | I832504 | Aurelius | About 690 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
590 | I816734 | Aurelius Fulvus | About 60 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
591 | I870583 | Aurona | About 682 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
592 | I832761 | Ausenda | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
593 | I822307 | Austregilde | 548 | Date unknown | 0 | Magd seiner Frau Marcatrud Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
594 | I792605 | Austregilde-Agia | About 530 | Date unknown | 0 | Saint Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
595 | I792546 | Austrigusa | About 490 | Date unknown | 0 | Gepidin Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
596 | I822367 | Authari | About 560 | Sunday 05 September 590 | 0 | vergiftet | savenije | |
597 | I822367 | Authari | About 560 | Sunday 05 September 590 | 0 | König d. Langobarden 584-590 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
598 | I824653 | Ava | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 825 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
599 | I837942 | Avarius | About 710 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
600 | I850046 | Aventinus | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | König v. Alba Longa 856-819 | savenije | |
601 | I816706 | Avidia | About 105 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
602 | I834933 | Avidia Plautia | About 100 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
603 | I816651 | Aviena | About 520 | Date unknown | 0 | Abkunft unsicher Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
604 | I838647 | Awf | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
605 | I825999 | Axiochos | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
606 | I850852 | Axiomar | About -910 | Date unknown | 0 | Mithohepriester in Jerusalem um 875 Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
607 | I838885 | Azariah I. | About -1000 | Date unknown | 0 | 950 der erste Hohepriester im von König Salomo 957-950 erbauten Tempel, amtiert gemeinschaftlich mit seinen Söhnen Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
608 | I844293 | Azariah II. | About -950 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
609 | I850845 | Azariah IV. | About -650 | Date unknown | 0 | Hohepriester in Jerusalem um 600 Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
610 | I793858 | Azeka | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1046 Wwe., 1068 tot Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
611 | I837701 | Azenor | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
612 | I826104 | Azrikam | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Benjaminite Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
613 | I433901 | Baba | About 740 | Date unknown | 0 | Bardonin Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
614 | I824825 | Baburia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
615 | I834344 | Bachia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
616 | I819084 | Bacqlabic | About 880 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
617 | I842069 | Baduarius | About 525 | 576 | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
618 | I837337 | Baine | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
619 | I822902 | Bakenefi | About -825 | Date unknown | 0 | Regent über das Gebiet von Athribis und Heliopolis um 815-790 | savenije | |
620 | I819008 | Bal-Kermak | About 454 | Date unknown | 0 | posthum | savenije | |
621 | I819504 | Balamber | About 327 | Date unknown | 0 | König um 370 | savenije | |
622 | I838858 | Baosi | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | ermordet | savenije | |
623 | I838858 | Baosi | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Konkubine | savenije | |
624 | I837410 | Baoth | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
625 | I838135 | Barbara | About 395 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
626 | I838132 | Barbara | About 420 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
627 | I838127 | Barbara | About 495 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
628 | I838130 | Barbaria | About 440 | Date unknown | 0 | Abkunft der Mutter unsicher Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
629 | I833642 | Bardanes | About 755 | Date unknown | 0 | Senator, strategos v. Thracesion, Anatolien, monostrategos des Ostens, dom. scholae, scheitert 803 mit seinem Versuch eines Staatsstreiches gegen Ks. Nikephoros I. Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
630 | I871282 | Bariq | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | aus dem Yemen | savenije | |
631 | I843592 | Barsine | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Perserin | savenije | |
632 | I30328 | Basena | About 445 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: germ. | savenije | |
633 | I817984 | Basilina | About 310 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
634 | I819503 | Basiq | About 325 | Date unknown | 0 | König um 370 | savenije | |
635 | I824770 | Bassianus | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | ermordet | savenije | |
636 | I816761 | Bassina | About 172 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
637 | I868168 | Bassulus | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
638 | I882769 | Bassus | About 170 | Date unknown | 0 | ermordet | savenije | |
639 | I882769 | Bassus | About 170 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
640 | I856152 | Bathe | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
641 | I856554 | Bathe | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1483 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
642 | I796894 | Batseba | About -1015 | Date unknown | 0 | Wwe. des Urija, den David gegen die Ammoniter in den Tod schickte Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
643 | I816299 | Baudogast | About 340 | Date unknown | 0 | Franke, magister militum unter Gratian, magister peditum praesentalis 383, cos. 385, Ratgeber Valentians III., 388 tot Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
644 | I832096 | Bearnoch | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: germ. | savenije | |
645 | I793663 | Beatrix | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
646 | I830293 | Beatrix | About 1005 | Date unknown | 0 | Nichte der Herzogin Gunnor v. der Normandie Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
647 | I820671 | Beaw | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: germ. | savenije | |
648 | I820677 | Bedwig | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: germ. | savenije | |
649 | I856490 | Beke | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1385-1393, 1393 Wwe. Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
650 | I822460 | Beleke | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
651 | I837815 | Beli | -132 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
652 | I825878 | Belos | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
653 | I821638 | Belsitiche | Date unknown | Before 246 | 0 | Makedonische Konkubine | savenije | |
654 | I837416 | Beman | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
655 | I852131 | Benigne | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1349 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
656 | I819074 | Bennid I. | About 775 | Date unknown | 0 | erhält 811 von Karl dem Großen eine Rodung im Kaufunger Wald (heute Benterode) bestätigt. Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
657 | I819073 | Bennid II. | About 830 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
658 | I870389 | Beorhthere | About 892 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde um 939 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
659 | I870390 | Beorhtwynn | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 939 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
660 | I839262 | Berchildis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
661 | I837860 | Berea | About 120 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
662 | I843556 | Berechia | About -503 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
663 | I870236 | Berengar | About 820 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 853-868 Graf Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
664 | I823916 | Berengar | About 968 | Date unknown | 0 | Subdiakon in Mailand Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
665 | I823916 | Berengar | About 968 | Date unknown | 0 | Subdiakon in Mailand Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
666 | I814483 | Berta | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1295 tot Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
667 | I843282 | Berta | About 1100 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1172/78 als domina, sie erhält 8 Mark jährlich von Gerhard de Herne: 1172/78: Gerhardus de Herne und seine Frau bestätigen dem Kämmerer Hermann "si annuatim domine Berte matri sue octo marc. non solv erint, centum marc. super portionem domus sue iuxta Renum site". Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
668 | I792932 | Bertha | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 877-886, im Elsaß reich begütert Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
669 | I822401 | Bertha | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
670 | I823977 | Bertha | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
671 | I830260 | Bertha | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
672 | I831211 | Bertha | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
673 | I832783 | Bertha | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Mätresse Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
674 | I851668 | Bertha | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1280 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
675 | I852508 | Bertha | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
676 | I869392 | Bertha | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | 26.2. | savenije | |
677 | I869392 | Bertha | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde um 995-1010 | savenije | |
678 | I823918 | Bertrada | About 940 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
679 | I823918 | Bertrada | About 940 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
680 | I839481 | Bertrada | About 1177 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1223-1245 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
681 | I856173 | Bertradis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1336 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
682 | I792731 | Bertswindana | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 777 tot Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
683 | I817872 | Betitia | About 300 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
684 | I834968 | Betitius | About 205 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
685 | I834967 | Betitius | About 230 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
686 | I834962 | Betitius | About 255 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
687 | I834961 | Betitius Perpetuus Arzygius | About 285 | Date unknown | 0 | corr. Sicil. 312/24 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
688 | I792604 | Betton | About 525 | Date unknown | 0 | Adeliger aus Orleans Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
689 | I793966 | Bia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
690 | I843547 | Bianca | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
691 | I16736 | Bilichilde | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
692 | I822353 | Bilichildis | About 585 | Date unknown | 0 | ermordet | savenije | |
693 | I822353 | Bilichildis | About 585 | Date unknown | 0 | wegen angeblicher ehelicher Untreue vom eigenen Ehemann ermordet Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
694 | I819081 | Bilitrud | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Begütert im Büddefeld, beschenkte sie das Kloster Corvey mit Budinaveldan, Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
695 | I31134 | Bilitrud | About 920 | Date unknown | 0 | Als Witwe 976 Gründerin des Klosters Bergen bei Neuburg/Donau, dort 1. Äbtissin Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
696 | I792570 | Bisina | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
697 | I857367 | Bitale | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
698 | I819506 | Bleda | About 390 | Date unknown | 0 | ermordet, im Frühjahr | savenije | |
699 | I819506 | Bleda | About 390 | Date unknown | 0 | König d. Hunnen 434 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
700 | I792498 | Blesinde | About 375 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
701 | I851625 | Blithildis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
702 | I851643 | Blithildis | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 1191/93-1231 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
703 | I819338 | Bo | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | "Kaiserinwittwe", "große Kaiserinmutter" 157 | savenije | |
704 | I819430 | Bo | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Kaiserin 157-151 (abgesetzt) | savenije | |
705 | I794425 | Boa | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | aus Paphlagonien | savenije | |
706 | I837363 | Boann | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
707 | I22756 | Bodilon | About 585 | Date unknown | 0 | Adeliger, später (643) Mönch in Mans Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
708 | I850860 | Boethus | About -105 | Date unknown | 0 | Hohepriester 37 BCE Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
709 | I825800 | Boiona Procilla | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
710 | I823901 | Boso | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
711 | I869369 | Boso | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
712 | I819005 | Boyan-Chelbir | About 520 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
713 | I792987 | Bozena | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Konkubine, Frau oder Tochter des Bauern Kresina Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
714 | I837878 | Bran | About -30 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
715 | I837878 | Bran | About -30 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
716 | I837428 | Brath | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
717 | I837429 | Breogan | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: psg. | savenije | |
718 | I816763 | Briget | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
719 | I870386 | Brihtwyn | About 890 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
720 | I31183 | Brunichilde | About 545 | 613 | 0 | hingerichtet (von Pferden zerrissen) | savenije | |
721 | I31183 | Brunichilde | About 545 | 613 | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
722 | I825347 | Bruttia Crispina | Date unknown | 183 | 0 | (oder 192) im Exil ermordet | savenije | |
723 | I825347 | Bruttia Crispina | Date unknown | 183 | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
724 | I870605 | Bryenis | About 783 | Date unknown | 0 | 813 Senator Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
725 | I832398 | Budli | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: nord. | savenije | |
726 | I838843 | Bukem | About -345 | Date unknown | 0 | 318 Sieger in der Schlacht der Nördlichen Xansi 318 | savenije | |
727 | I796944 | Bukki | About -1230 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Jewish. | savenije | |
728 | I867085 | Burchard | About 860 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 909 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
729 | I796740 | Bustanai | 590 | Date unknown | 0 | posthum | savenije | |
730 | I796740 | Bustanai | 590 | Date unknown | 0 | Exilarch 642-660/65, wird nach Eroberung Persiens durch die Muslime vom Kalifen Ali zum Exilarchen eingesetzt Religion: Jewish. |
savenije | |
731 | I847849 | Buyuawa | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Libyer in Herakleopolis | savenije | |
732 | I792874 | Cäcilie | About 920 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
733 | I825489 | Caecilia | About -125 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
734 | I824992 | Caecilia | About -150 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
735 | I825098 | Caecilia | About -150 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
736 | I818032 | Caecilia | About 185 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
737 | I824882 | Caecilia Attica | July -55 | Date unknown | 0 | oder 51 | savenije | |
738 | I824882 | Caecilia Attica | July -55 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
739 | I816806 | Caecilia Metella | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
740 | I825028 | Caecilia Metella | About -155 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
741 | I825501 | Caecilia Metella Calva | About -140 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
742 | I816813 | Caecilia Metella Dalmatica | About -120 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
743 | I825631 | Caecinia Antonia Sabina | About 275 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
744 | I825137 | Caecinia Lolliana | About 320 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
745 | I825141 | Caeionia Albina | About 368 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
746 | I817819 | Caeionia Auchenia | About 305 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
747 | I818021 | Caeionia Marina | About 260 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
748 | I835070 | Caeionius | About 102 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
749 | I835068 | Caeionius | About 150 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
750 | I835067 | Caeionius | About 175 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
751 | I823096 | Caeionius Proculus | 250 | Date unknown | 0 | cos. 289 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
752 | I825135 | Caeionius Rufius Albinus | About 345 | Date unknown | 0 | PUR 389-391 Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
753 | I835066 | Caeionus | About 200 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
754 | I841990 | Caepionia Crispina | Between -5 and -1 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE | savenije | |
755 | I841990 | Caepionia Crispina | Between -5 and -1 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
756 | I842080 | Caesaria | About 435 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
757 | I868197 | Caesaria | About 475 | Date unknown | 0 | Äbtissin v. Arles 512-um 524 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
758 | I868193 | Caesaria | About 500 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
759 | I868198 | Caesarius | About 470 | Date unknown | 0 | Bf. v. Arles 502-542 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
760 | I868185 | Caesarius | About 585 | Date unknown | 0 | Bf. v. Nîmes Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
761 | I834394 | Caesennia Paetina | About -90 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
762 | I835411 | Caesennius | About -125 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
763 | I835108 | Caesia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
764 | I870915 | Caesius Bassus | About 30 | Date unknown | 0 | angeblich beim Ausbruch des Vesuvs getötet | savenije | |
765 | I870915 | Caesius Bassus | About 30 | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde 54/68, Freund des Dichters Aulus Persius Flaccus, der ihm seine 6. Satire widmete. Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
766 | I848737 | Caesonia | About 102 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
767 | I792523 | Caesonia Manilia | About 275 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
768 | I848739 | Caesonius | About 70 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
769 | I848738 | Caesonius | About 100 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
770 | I837301 | Cairenn | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Skalvin Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
771 | I817043 | Caius Cassius Longinus | About -250 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
772 | I824931 | Calpurnia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Selbstmord | savenije | |
773 | I824931 | Calpurnia | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
774 | I825555 | Calpurnia | About -25 | Date unknown | 0 | BCE . | savenije | |
775 | I825555 | Calpurnia | About -25 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
776 | I834359 | Calpurnia | About -54 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
777 | I816834 | Calpurnia | About -77 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
778 | I835038 | Calpurnia Fidiana Ceia Aemiliana | About 185 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
779 | I825338 | Calpurnia Lepida | About 90 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
780 | I825560 | Calventia | About -120 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
781 | I825563 | Calventius | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Gallier aus Placentia, der sich in Rom ansiedelte Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
782 | I818043 | Camuria | About 80 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
783 | I817922 | Cantria Longina | About 45 | Date unknown | 0 | Dichterin, Priesterin der vergöttlichten Iulia, der großen Mutter der Götter und der Isis, vermachte dem Staat 50.000 Sesterzen Religion: Pagan |
savenije | |
784 | I840320 | Cao Hua | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Konkubine | savenije | |
785 | I840319 | Cao XIan | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Konkubine | savenije | |
786 | I850042 | Capetus | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | König v. Alba Longa 937-924 | savenije | |
787 | I850041 | Capys | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | König v. Alba Longa 965-937 | savenije | |
788 | I837875 | Caradog | About 10 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
789 | I847816 | Cario | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Urkunde um 762 Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
790 | I843245 | Carissima | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
791 | I22620 | Carloman | About 555 | Date unknown | 0 | Hausmeier von Austrien Religion: Roman Catholic |
savenije | |
792 | I30335 | Cartamena | About 410 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Roman Catholic | savenije | |
793 | I872041 | Caser | Date unknown | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: germ. | savenije | |
794 | I825694 | Cassia Lepida | About 80 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
795 | I816896 | Cassia Longina | About 35 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
796 | I835043 | Cassia Maximilla | About 125 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
797 | I825666 | Cassia Paterna | About 160 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
798 | I842123 | Cassius | About 135 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
799 | I837897 | Cassius Lepidus | About 55 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije | |
800 | I817041 | Cassius Longinus | About -190 | Date unknown | 0 | Religion: Pagan | savenije |
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