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Report: individuals with associated notes

         Description: personen met geassocieerde notities


Matches 1 to 800 of 21535  » Comma-delimited CSV file

1 2 3 4 5 ... 27» Next»

# Person ID Last Name First Name Birth Date Death Date Living note Tree
1 I822942    ..djew..  About -900  Date unknown    savenije 
2 I796948    Aaron  -1354  Date unknown  wird 1269, im Jahr nach dem Exodus zum Hohepriester gesalbt
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
3 I825868    Abas  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
4 I796758    Abba  About 310  Date unknown  Exilarch 350-370
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
5 I867671    Abdallah  About 580  Wednesday 23 March 625  gefallen  savenije 
6 I867671    Abdallah  About 580  Wednesday 23 March 625  Religion: Muslim  savenije 
7 I826014    Abigail  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
8 I826082    Abihail  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
9 I796945    Abischua  About -1260  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
10 I826034    Abishai  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
11 I826017    Abital  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
12 I843594    Abiud  About -300  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
13 I825791    Abub  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
14 I816851    Acacius  Date unknown  About 502  Bärenwärter im Hippodrom von Konstantinopel, starb, als seine älteste Tochter sieben Jahre alt war
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
15 I818074    Accia  About 150  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
16 I834991    Accius  About 100  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
17 I818075    Accius Iulianus  About 125  Date unknown  cos. suff.
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
18 I834992    Accius Sura  About 70  Date unknown  praet. um 100
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
19 I830101    Acharda  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
20 I822797    Acheprure  About -1409  Date unknown  vielleicht Sohn Thutmosis IV.  savenije 
21 I837313    Achtan  About 155  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
22 I834481    Acilia  About 145  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
23 I834479    Acilia Frestana  About 170  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
24 I834443    Acilius Aviola  About -30  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
25 I834443    Acilius Aviola  About -30  Date unknown  n. Chr.  savenije 
26 I834443    Acilius Aviola  About -30  Date unknown  cos. suff. um 31
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
27 I825277    Acilius Faustinus  About 275  Date unknown  c.v.
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
28 I825278    Acilius Glabrio  About 250  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
29 I825275    Acilius Glabrio  About 330  Date unknown  c.v.
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
30 I825270    Acilius Glabrio Sibidius  About 365  Date unknown  vic. Gall. um 400
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
31 I832838    Ada  Date unknown  Date unknown  5.3.  savenije 
32 I832838    Ada  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
33 I857144    Adael  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
34 I796850    Adaja  Date unknown  Date unknown  Priester in Bozkat, Aaronite
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
35 I829180    Adalbert  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
36 I792919    Adalbert I.  About 730  Date unknown  Graf 759-808
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
37 I792918    Adalbert II.  About 765  Date unknown  Graf um 803-um 829
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
38 I792773    Adalhard I.  About 803  Date unknown  Seneschall Ks. Ludwigs I. 831, Laienabt v. St. Martin in Tours vor 840-844, Laienabt v. St. Quentin ab 844, 849 Laienabt v. Echternach, Stablo-Malmédy, St. Maximin in Trier, St. Vaast zu Arras u. Verwalter v. Lorsch, Urkunde 831-865
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
39 I793044    Adalhelm  About 650  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
40 I23185    Adallind  About 781  Date unknown  Konkubine
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
41 I868861    Adaltrud  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 770-778
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
42 I830383    Adda  Date unknown  Date unknown  1.7.  savenije 
43 I830383    Adda  Date unknown  Date unknown  als Witwe Nonne
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
44 I794294    Adda-Guppi  -649  Date unknown  103 Jahre  savenije 
45 I796918    Addi  About -665  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
46 I793325    Adela  Date unknown  Date unknown  gründet als Witwe das Kloster Alsleben und wird dort Nonne mit ihrer Schwägerin Tetta
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
47 I793461    Adela  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
48 I793712    Adela  About 980  Date unknown  He married Adelaide, a relative of Lanfranco, count of Aucia [4] and they had a son, Alberto Azzo II d'Este.
Translated from the Italian wikipedia 
savenije 
49 I823873    Adelaida  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
50 I31047    Adelaide  About 883  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
51 I31084    Adelaïde  About 940  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
52 I433911    Adelania  About 935  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
53 I829381    Adelasia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
54 I792592    Adele  About 618  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
55 I879436    Adelhard  About 1015  Date unknown  1048 Vogt des Wormser Hochstifts Haiger
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
56 I792718    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
57 I793245    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1043 Wwe.
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
58 I814800    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1382
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
59 I820387    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1335
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
60 I823652    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
61 I823685    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown 
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
62 I829191    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
63 I829806    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Gfn. v. Substantion 1066
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
64 I830266    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
65 I831057    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
66 I835431    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
67 I848250    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1314 tot
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
68 I852510    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1003/11-1013
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
69 I855093    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1238
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
70 I856259    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1262, 1327 tot, 1262 als Ministerialin mit zwei Kindern vom Grafen von Kleve an die Äbtissin von Essen vertauscht.
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
71 I856279    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
72 I863555    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
73 I868847    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  6.2.  savenije 
74 I868847    Adelheid  Date unknown  Date unknown  aus Sachsen
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
75 I815692    Adelheidis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1184
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
76 I834491    Adelphia  About 340  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
77 I817812    Adelphia  About 410  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
78 I842055    Adelphius  Date unknown  Date unknown  Bf. v. Arabissos
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
79 I842059    Adelphius  About 370  Date unknown  406 Gastgeber des Hl. Johannes Chrysostomos
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
80 I792510    Adelphius  About 380  Date unknown  oder sein Bruder Hermogenianus  savenije 
81 I817978    Adeodata  About 372  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
82 I793433    Adila  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
83 I836444    Adilio  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
84 I843683    Adoa  About 580  Date unknown  Religion: Muslim  savenije 
85 I822369    Adolald  602  Date unknown  Mitkg. 604, König d. Langobarden 615-626
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
86 I826027    Adonija  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
87 I819721    Adralestos  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
88 I819719    Adralestos  About 850  Date unknown  dom. sch. 920-921
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
89 I834442    Aedia Servilla  About 30  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
90 I817699    Aelia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
91 I816898    Aelia  About -15  Date unknown  vor Chr.  savenije 
92 I816898    Aelia  About -15  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
93 I838099    Aelia Domitia Paulina Minor  75  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
94 I816669    Aelia Eudoxia  About 380  Wednesday 06 October 404  an den Folgen einer Fehlgeburt  savenije 
95 I816669    Aelia Eudoxia  About 380  Wednesday 06 October 404  Apostelbasilika  savenije 
96 I816669    Aelia Eudoxia  About 380  Wednesday 06 October 404  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
97 I816670    Aelia Flavia Flacilla  355  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
98 I816661    Aelia Galla Placidia  388  Sunday 27 November 450  alter Petersdom, Mausoleum in Ravenna (unbenutzt)  savenije 
99 I816661    Aelia Galla Placidia  388  Sunday 27 November 450  Regentin 421/25-437
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
100 I817031    Aelia Hadriana  About 30  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
101 I823086    Aelia Marciana Euphemia  About 430  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
102 I825981    Aelia Verina  About 432  484  488 umgebettet nach Konstantinopel  savenije 
103 I825981    Aelia Verina  About 432  484  Aelia Verina (died 484) was the Empress consort of Leo I of the Byzantine Empire. She was a sister of Basiliscus. Her daughter Ariadne was Empress consort of first Zeno and then Anastasius I. Verina was the maternal grandmother of Leo II.
Family
The origins of Verina and her brother Basiliscus are unknown. They are considered likely to have ancestry in the Balkans [1] but nothing more specific is known. They are assumed to have at least one sister as a hagiography of Daniel the Stylite names a brother-in-law of Verina and Basiliscus as Zuzus.[2]
Stefan Krautschick in his historical work Zwei Aspekte des Jahres 476 (1986) advanced a theory that the two siblings were related to Odoacer, the first barbarian King of Italy.[3] The theory relies on passage 209.1 in the fragmentary chronicle of John of Antioch, a 7th-century monk. The chronicler has been tentatively identified with John of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 641 to 648.[4] The passage records the assassination of Armatus by Onoulphus. Based on interpretation Odoacer was brother to either Onoulphus alone or to both men. The second interpretation was introduced by Krautschick and has gained the support of (among others) Alexander Demandt and Patrick Amory. Armatus was identified as nephew of Verina and Basiliscus in other Byzantine sources, including a hagiography of Daniel the Stylite [5] and the Suda. The theory would make both Onoulphus and Odoacer nephews of Verina and Basiliscus.[3]
However a counterargument to the theory is given by Penny Macgeorge in her own study Late Roman Warlords (2003), pages 284-285, based on the silence of both John Malalas and Malchus on a blood relation of Odoacer to the House of Leo. Both historians were chronologically closer to the recorded events than John of Antioch.
If accepted the theory of Krautschick would give Verina a barbarian origin. Her ancestry would still be uncertain due to contradictory accounts on the ancestry of Odoacer. Various sources have identified him as one of the Goths, the Rugians, the Scirii and the Thuringii.[3] All four were Germanic peoples, with the Goths, Rugians and Scirii grouped by ethnologists within the East Germanic tribes. His father Edeko was leader of the Scirii but it is unclear if he was born in the tribe or married into it. Other sources identify Edeko as one of the Huns, possibly because of his service under Attila the Hun.[3] According to Amory, the varying ethnographic identities of both men may reflect both their mixed ancestry and their political association with the various groups.
The presence of Verina in the Roman court has been attributed by Demandt to "the osmosis of the late Roman and Germanic aristocracies". In other words, the practice of intermarriage between the Roman military aristocracy and the dynasties derived from it on the one hand and various Germanic families of foederati.[3]
Marriage
Verina married Leo, a Thraco-Roman officer of the East Roman army. According to Jordanes and John Malalas, her husband was one of the Bessi, a tribe of Thracians. Theodorus Lector, Theophanes the Confessor, Georgios Kedrenos and Michael the Syrian report Leo born in Thrace. However the Bibliotheca of Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople quotes Candidus in placing his birthplace in Dacia.[6]
Leo was not from a prominent family. His only known relation prior to his marriage was a sister named Euphemia. According to Patria, attributed to George Codinus, Euphemia never married. She resided in Constantinople and was visited by her brother on a weekly basis. She reportedly erected a statue in honor of her brother. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire notes that the source is not considered particularly reliable.[6] The Patria was written during the reign of Basil II (976–1025) and revised during the Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118). So at least five centuries separate the time of Leo and Euphemia and this written account of their relationship.
Verina and Leo had three children. Their eldest daughter Ariadne was born prior to the death of Marcian (reigned 450–457).[7] Ariadne had a younger sister, Leontia. Leontia was first betrothed to Julius Patricius, a son of Aspar, but their engagement was probably annulled when Aspar and another of his sons, Ardabur, were assassinated in 471. Leontia then married Marcian, a son of Anthemius and Marcia Euphemia. The couple led a failed revolt against Zeno in 478–479. They were exiled to Isauria following their defeat.[6]
An unnamed son was born in 463. He died five months following his birth. The only sources about him are a horoscope by Rhetorius and a hagiography of Daniel the Stylite.[6]
Empress consort
In January, 457 Marcian succumbed to a disease, allegedly gangrene. He was survived by his daughter Euphemia and his son-in-law Anthemius.[8] Leo was at this point the tribune of the Mattiarii, a regiment wielding the mattea (Latin for mace) as their weapon.
Marcian had been proclaimed an Augustus as consort of Pulcheria, a member of the Theodosian dynasty. With his death the dynastic succession ended. His only daughter was from a previous marriage and thus not considered heiress to the dynasty. The Byzantine army and the Byzantine Senate had to elect a new Augustus. Aspar, the magister militum ("Master of soldiers") of the Eastern Roman Empire, was unable to claim the throne for himself due to his origins and religious affiliations.[9] He was one of the Alans, a Sarmatian tribe. Though his family had served in the Roman military for generations, Aspar was still considered a barbarian. He was also an adherent of Arianism while the majority of the ruling class of the Eastern Roman Empire had accepted the Nicene Creed. Therefore, an unpopular choice for the throne.
Aspar used his influence in order to be become a kingmaker, having earlier engineered the elevation of Marcian who had served a middler-rank officer under him. He was able to pick a candidate among his own subordinate officers, probably counting on their continued loyalty. He chose Leo and the Senate accepted the choice.[9] On 7 February 457, Leo was crowned by Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople, the first such coronation known to involve a Patriarch.[7] At this point Verina became the Empress consort. She probably added "Aelia" to her name at her proclamation as an Augusta. The name had become standard for Augustas of the Theodosian dynasty.[10]
In 461, Leo founded the Excubitors as a counterbalance to the Germanic soldiers under Aspar. He recruited the majority of its members from among the sturdy and warlike Isaurians. In 466, Tarasicodissa, an Isaurian officer of the Excubitors came forth with evidence that Ardabur, a son of Aspar, was guilty of treason.[11] The scandal caused a rift in the relations of Leo and Aspar, leaving the former relying even more on the Excubitors.
In 467, the alliance of Leo and Tarasicodissa was sealed with the marriage of Ariadne to the officer. To make himself more acceptable to the Roman hierarchy and the native Greek-speaking population of Constantinople, the new son-in-law of the imperial couple changed his name to Zeno. Their only known son of Ariadne and Zeno, Leo II, was born within the year.
In 471, Aspar and Ardabur were murdered within the Great Palace of Constantinople by orders of Leo. Leo earned the nickname "Macelles" (the Butcher) for the manner of the deaths.[6] Zeno was left by default as the main supporter of Leo within the Byzantine army.[7]
Leo II was proclaimed Caesar in October, 473 and effectively became the designated heir to the throne by virtue of being the closest male relative of Leo I. On 18 January 474, Leo I died of dysentery. Their grandson immediately succeeded him.[12] Verina remained at the Palace.
Widowed empress
Since Leo II was too young to rule himself, Verina and Ariadne prevailed upon him to crown Zeno as co-emperor, which he did on February 9, 474. When Leo became ill and died on November 17, Zeno became sole emperor with Ariadne as his Empress consort.
Verina was not content in the role of a widow. According to both Candidus and John of Antioch, she found a lover in the person of Patricius, a former Praetorian prefect.[10] Verina had originally supported Zeno while the young emperor Leo II was still alive. Not long after her grandson's death, Verina turned against her son-in-law. John Malalas attributes her hostility to an argument between them over a request the senior Augusta had made on her son-in-law. Malalas does not clarify what was the request. A modern interpretation suggests that the request concerned her second marriage to Patricius. Which Zeno had reasons to refuse to prevent Patricius from emerging as a rival candidate for the throne.[10]
Verina conspired against Zeno with her lover Patricius, her brother Basiliscus, the Isaurian general Illus, and general Theodoric Strabo, forcing Zeno to flee Constantinople in 475. Zeno fled to his native lands, bringing with him some of the Isaurians living in Constantinople, and the imperial treasury. Basiliscus was then acclaimed as Augustus on 9 January 475[13] at the Hebdomon palace, by the palace ministers and the Senate.
John of Antioch and the hagiography of Daniel the Stylite imply that Verina was tricked in supporting the conspiracy. Candidus and John of Antioch report that Verina was hoping to use the conspiracy to replace Zeno with Patricius, restoring herself to the position of Empress consort in the process. However, Basiliscus was crowned as soon as Zeno had abandoned the city. According to Malalas, Verina had to crown Basiliscus herself as the only person of imperial rank present within the capital. There is some doubt whether the description of Verina's motivation by Candidus and John of Antioch was accurate or just reflected the hostility of the chroniclers to her.[10]
Whatever the case, Patricius served early in the new reign as the Magister Officiorum. Eventually, Basiliscus ordered the death of Patricius, as the officer was a natural candidate to overthrow the new emperor. Consequently, Verina later intrigued against Basiliscus, seeking revenge for her lover's execution.[14] According to Candidus, after the death of Patricius, Verina intrigued in favour of Zeno, but her plan was discovered by Basiliscus, and only the intercession of Armatus spared her life.[10]
In 476, both Illus and Armatus defected to the side of Zeno, who, in August, besieged Constantinople. Theodoric the Amal (later known as Theodoric the Great), the leader of the Pannonian Goths, had allied to Zeno. Theodoric would have attacked Basiliscus and his Thracian Goth foederati led by Theodoric Strabo, receiving, in exchange, the title of magister militum held by Strabo and the payments previously given to the Thracian Goths. It has been suggested that Constantinople was defenseless during Zeno's siege because the Magister Militum Strabo had moved north to counter this menace. The Senate opened the gates of the city to Zeno, allowing the deposed emperor to retake the throne with Ariadne as his Empress consort.
Rivalry with Illus
The brief reign of Basiliscus does not seem to have resulted in lasting hatred between Verina and either Zeno or Ariadne. However it did result in hatred between Verina and Illus. The hagiography of Daniel the Stylite considers Illus responsible for pulling Verina into the initial conspiracy while hiding its actual goals. He was, in her mind, directly or indirectly responsible for the death of Patricius.[10]
In 477, a first assassination attempt on Illus was prevented by a slave. Though primary sources do not associate Verina with it, later historians have suggested that this was indeed the case. In 478, a second assassination attempt on Illus was prevented by Epinicus, a long-time favourite of Verina. Epinicus allowed Illus custody of the prisoner and the interrogation resulted in a confession implicating Verina.[10]
Illus recuperated from the attack in his native Isauria and reportedly refused to return to Constantinople while Verina was still residing in the Palace. Zeno agreed to banish her from the capital and she indeed never returned during her life. According to John of Antioch, Verina was at first confined in a monastery located at Tarsus. She was then sent first to Dalisandus (two namesake cities existed in Isauria and Pamphylia) and secondly to Cherris in Isauria.[10]
In 478-479, the revolt of Marcian, a son of Anthemius took place. He was married to Leontia, the second daughter of Leo I and Verina. His claim to the throne relied on his wife being a Porphyrogenita. In theory Leontia outranking her older sister Ariadne who was born previous to the elevation of her parents to the throne. Marcian and his brothers Procopius and Romulus launched their coup d'état in Constantinople. They were besieging the palace when Illus arrived with reinforcements from Chalcedon. John of Antioch attributes the entire revolt to Verina but the actual extent of her involvement is uncertain.[10]
In 480, Verina was still confined in Isauria under the custody of Illus. However she was able to correspond with Ariadne and convinced her daughter to intervene on her behalf. Ariadne endeavoured to obtain her release, first from Zeno, and then from Illus, to whom the emperor referred her. Illus not only refused her request, but charged her with wishing to place another person on her husband's throne. This irritated her; and she, like her mother, attempted to assassinate Illus. Jordanes ascribes her hatred to another cause: he says that Illus had infused jealous suspicions into Zeno's mind which had led Zeno to try an attempt on her life, and that her knowledge of these things stimulated her to revenge. The assassin whom she employed failed to kill Illus, but cut off his ear in the attempt. The assassin was taken, and Zeno, who appears to have been privy to the affair, was unable to prevent his execution.[10][15]
Alliance with Illus
In 483 or 484, Illus rose in rebellion against Zeno. Verina still had her imperial rank and so could still crown another Augustus. He released her from confinement and had her crown Leontius, a general, as an Augustus in Tarsus.[10] The revolt also had religious meaning as the rebels were Chalcedonian Christians while Zeno was an adherent of Monophysitism.[16]
John Malalas describes that Verina joined the new alliance with fervor, corresponding with various cities and trying to win their support for the revolt. However, there is some doubt over the sincerity of both her new convictions and her political "friendship" with her old enemy. She may in effect have still been Illus' prisoner and acted under his command to preserve her safety. She notably did not join Leontius and Illus in their campaign for Antioch but was sent to the fortress of Papyrius in Isauria.[10]
The revolt failed to gain sufficient support and the rebels had to withdraw from Antioch back to Papyrius. Zeno sent an army including both Romans and Ostrogoths under John the Scythian which managed to defeat them. The fort was besieged from 484 to 488. Verina died early in the siege [16] Whether her death was violent or not is uncertain. According to Malalas, when the siege ended the corpse of Verina was recovered and sent to Ariadne for burial.[10]
Possible descendants
The Georgian Chronicle, a 13th-century compilation drawing from earlier sources, reports a marriage of Vakhtang I of Iberia to Princess Helena of Byzantium, identifying her as a daughter of the predecessor of Zeno.[17] This predecessor was probably Leo I, the tale attributing a third daughter to Verina.
Cyril Toumanoff identified two children of this marriage. Mithridates of Iberia and Leo of Iberia. This younger Leo was father of Guaram I of Iberia. The accuracy of the descent is unknown. 
savenije 
104 I842092    Aelia Zenonis  Date unknown  About 476  im Winter, verhungert  savenije 
105 I842092    Aelia Zenonis  Date unknown  About 476  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
106 I29923    Aélis  About 866  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
107 I817014    Aelius Afer  About 15  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
108 I823137    Aelius Iunius Rufinus  About 90  Date unknown  procos. Maced. 117/138  savenije 
109 I870483    Aelthryth  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 804-821
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
110 I825209    Aemilia  About 80  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
111 I825205    Aemilia Clara  About 120  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
112 I816717    Aemilia Lepida  About -4  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
113 I816717    Aemilia Lepida  About -4  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
114 I825032    Aemilia Lepida  About -50  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
115 I824885    Aemilia Lepida  About -75  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
116 I824808    Aemilia Materna Thermantia  About 390  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
117 I825439    Aemilia Paulla  About -30  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
118 I825090    Aemilia Paulla  About -225  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
119 I818013    Aemilia Pudentilla  About 255  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
120 I816792    Aemilia Scaura  About -100  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
121 I825047    Aemilia Tertia  About -182  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
122 I834925    Aemiliana  About 60  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
123 I832518    Aemilius  About 410  Date unknown  vir nobilis in Laon
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
124 I824927    Aemilius Scaurus  About -103  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
125 I837361    Aengus  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
126 I835432    Aerobindus  About 550  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
127 I868004    Aesa  Date unknown  Date unknown  Konkubine
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
128 I837806    Aeternus  About 355  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
129 I816747    Afranius  About 275  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
130 I816746    Afranius Flaccilus Aelianus  About 315  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
131 I825987    Agariste II.  About -520  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
132 I821643    Agathoclea  Date unknown  Date unknown  Konkubine  savenije 
133 I821658    Agathoklea  About -240  October -203  vom Mob in Alexandria ermordet  savenije 
134 I821658    Agathoklea  About -240  October -203  Konkubinem, vielleicht Amme Ptolemaois V.  savenije 
135 I821660    Agathokles  About -270  Date unknown  Abkunft unsicher  savenije 
136 I849675    Agelaos  Date unknown  Date unknown  Ahnherr des König Kroisos von Lydien  savenije 
137 I825915    Agenor  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
138 I792563    Agia  About 455  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
139 I822520    Agiluf  About 420  Date unknown  Fürst der Sueben und Quaden  savenije 
140 I822368    Agilulf  About 560  Date unknown  König d. Langobarden 590-615
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
141 I868813    Agilulf  About 800  Date unknown  Urkunde 870 tot, Langobarde
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
142 I868813    Agilulf  About 800  Date unknown  Urkunde 870 tot, Langobarde
Religion: Roman Catholic
 
savenije 
143 I825273    Aginatia  About 375  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
144 I825274    Aginatius  About 335  Date unknown  vic. urb. 368
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
145 I792540    Agiulf  About 470  Date unknown  Schwager Chloderichs  savenije 
146 I22603    Agivald  About 500  Date unknown  adeliger Franke
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
147 I825869    Aglaia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
148 I821644    Aglais  Date unknown  Date unknown  Konkubine  savenije 
149 I837422    Agnan  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
150 I433898    Agnar  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
151 I820398    Agnes  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
152 I849079    Agnes  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
153 I855740    Agnes  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1329
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
154 I856293    Agnes  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
155 I857152    Agnes  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1236/37
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
156 I837419    Agnon  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
157 I796790    Agripanius  About 285  Date unknown  Präfekt von Viennensis
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
158 I850044    Agrippa  Date unknown  Date unknown  König v. Alba Longa 916-875  savenije 
159 I796765    Ahija  About 90  Date unknown  Exilarch um 135 nach Aussterben der alten Dynastie
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
160 I796904    Ahimaaz  Date unknown  Date unknown  Statthalter Salomos in Naphtali
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
161 I796937    Ahimaaz  About -1030  Date unknown  Hohepriester unter David, der letzte Hohepriester vor Erbauung des Tempels, berichtet diesem von der Niederschlagung des Aufstandes Absaloms
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
162 I826021    Ahinoam  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jèud.  savenije 
163 I796866    Ahio  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
164 I796903    Ahitofel  About -1055  Date unknown  erhängt sich in seinem Haus  savenije 
165 I796903    Ahitofel  About -1055  Date unknown  im Grab seines Vaters  savenije 
166 I796903    Ahitofel  About -1055  Date unknown  aus Gilo, Ratgeber Davids, der am Aufstand Absaloms teilnimmt und sich selbst tötet, weil dieser seinen Plan nicht ausführt  savenije 
167 I844294    Ahitub  About -900  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
168 I796939    Ahitub  About -1090  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
169 I822798    Ahmose  About -1414  Date unknown  Hohepriester des Re in Heliopolis wärend der Regierungszeit seines Bruder Tutmosis  savenije 
170 I822774    Ahmose  About -1561  Date unknown  jung verstorben  savenije 
171 I796958    Ahmose Pennechbet  Date unknown  Date unknown  Vorsteher der Speicher, General, Wesir. Schatzmeister, 1. Königssohn von Elkab
Ahmose Pennechbet hat eine ziemlich umfangreiche Autobiographie in seinem Felsgrab in Elkab hinterlassen, die kurz nach dem Tode der Hatschepsut, also am Anfang der Alleinherrschaft des Thutmosis III., verfasst wurde. In dieser Autobiographie rühmt er sich, unter 4 Pharaonen gedient zu haben:
"Ich habe begleitet die Könige von Ober- und Unterägypten, die Götter (= die inzwischen verstorbenen Könige), unter denen ich gelebt habe, auf ihren Gängen in dem südlichen und nördlichen Fremdlande, an jedem Ort, an den sie sich begaben, den König von Ober- und Unterägypten "Neb-pehti-Ra" (Ahmose I.), den Seligen, den König von Ober- und Unterägypten "Djeser-ka-Ra" (Amenhotep I.), den Seligen, den König von Ober- und Unterägypten "Aa-cheper-ka-Ra" (Thutmosis I.) den Seligen, den König von Ober- und Unterägypten "Aa-cheper-en-Ra" (Thutmosis II.) den Seligen, bis zu diesem Guten Gott, dem König von Ober- und Unterägypten, "Men-cheper-Ra" (Thutmosis III.), der mit Leben beschenkt sei ewiglich.
Demnach kämpfte er unter Ahmose I. in Syrien, unter Amenhotep I. in Nubien und wohl auch in Libyen, unter Thutmosis I. erneut in Nubien und mit Naharina, und unter Thutmosis II. mit den Beduinen (wohl im südlichen Palästina). 
savenije 
172 I796752    Ahunai  520  Date unknown  am Todestag seines Vaters  savenije 
173 I796752    Ahunai  520  Date unknown  Exilarch 550-560 nach einer Vakanz
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
174 I837863    Aife  About 255  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
175 I825877    Aigyptos  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
176 I847940    Ailymas  About -340  Date unknown  Urkunde 310 u. 307 König der Libyer  savenije 
177 I31086    Aimilda  About 884  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
178 I850037    Aineias II. Silvius  Date unknown  Date unknown  König v. Alba Longa 1112-1081  savenije 
179 I845151    Ainel  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
180 I825918    Aiolia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
181 I825931    Aiolos  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
182 I825919    Aitolos  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
183 I825848    Akestione  About -115  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
184 I796831    Akkub  About -230  Date unknown  Exilarch in Jerusalem um 200
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
185 I825867    Akrisios  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
186 I792693    Alachius  About 660  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
187 I820457    Alaid  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1284-1315
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
188 I843567    Alamyos  About -95  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
189 I823074    Alareiks I.  Between 370 and 375  410  Donauinsel  savenije 
190 I823074    Alareiks I.  Between 370 and 375  410  Alarich I. (lateinisch Alaricus, gotisch Alareiks; * um 370 in Peuke (Insel) (heutiges Rumänien); † 410 bei Cosenza (heutiges Italien)) war der erste sicher bekannte Anführer der frühen „Westgoten“ und nach 800 Jahren der erste Heerführer, der Rom plünderte. Ob Alarich tatsächlich „König“ bzw. rex der Goten war, ist in der Forschung sehr umstritten.[1] Die ältesten Quellen nennen ihn stattdessen "Hegemon der Goten" (ὁ τῶν Γότθων ἡγούμενος; Sozomenos HE 8, 25) oder dux Gothorum (Rufinus, HE praef.). Er ist wohl am ehesten als Heerkönig und Warlord anzusehen, der zugleich in einen römischen Kontext gehörte.
Leben
Die frühen Jahre
Alarich wurde angeblich auf der heute nicht lokalisierten Insel Peuce im Mündungsgebiet der Donau, die dort die römische Grenze markierte, im heutigen rumänischen Kreis Tulcea geboren.[2] Möglicherweise sollte diese spät bezeugte Angabe aber auch einfach unterstreichen, dass Alarich zeitlebens sowohl im gotischen als auch im römischen Kontext agierte. Sein Vater war laut Jordanes ein Adliger aus dem Königshaus der Balthen, doch könnte auch dies eine spätere Erfindung sein, die Alarich eine edle Herkunft andichten wollte. Zur Zeit seiner Geburt siedelten viele der gotischen Terwingen, nach ihrer Flucht vor den Hunnen am südlichen Donauufer in der römischen Diözese Thrakien. Der Name dieser zunehmend romanisierten Terwingen wandelte sich auf dem Boden des Römischen Reiches zu „Visigoten“.
Im Jahr 394 diente Alarich wohl als Befehlshaber der Visigoten in einer terwingischen Söldnerarmee in römischen Diensten (foederati). Unter Kaiser Theodosius I. nahm er am Bürgerkrieg gegen den Usurpator Eugenius teil, der die Macht im westlichen Reichsteil erlangt hatte. In der entscheidenden Schlacht am Frigidus, die im Tal der Vipava in den südöstlichen Alpen bei Triest gekämpft wurde, mussten Alarichs Visigoten einen besonders hohen Blutzoll entrichten (laut Orosius starben 10.000 Krieger), was sein Verhältnis zu Theodosius wohl verschlechterte. Die Kaiser dieser Zeit verließen sich vielfach auf die barbarischen foederati, die als besonders loyal galten, entbehrlich und zudem noch weniger kostspielig waren als die regulären römischen Truppen.
Als Theodosius Anfang des Jahres 395 starb, wurde die Herrschaft im Römischen Reich auf seine beiden Söhne aufgeteilt. Arcadius erhielt die östliche und Honorius die westliche Hälfte. Zwischen den beiden Kaiserhöfen kam es bald zu Rivalitäten und Konflikten. Das Bündnis (foedus), das Theodosius I. mit den Terwingen geschlossen hatte, wurde von Honorius und dessen Beratern nun offenbar als nichtig angesehen, und man wollte die foederati entlassen, ohne sie zu entschädigen. Dies führte zu einem Aufstand, an dessen Spitze sich Alarich stellte. Der Heermeister Stilicho ging daraufhin im Namen des Honorius gegen die Meuterer vor, die begonnen hatten, sich angesichts des Fehlens von staatlicher Versorgung durch Plünderung zu ernähren; aber als Arcadius verlangte, dass die oströmischen Kontingente, die Theodosius nach Westen gefolgt waren, nun wieder in den Osten überstellt werden sollten, fehlte es dem weströmischen Heer an genügend Soldaten, um die Visigoten Alarichs zu schlagen.
Gegen Ostrom
Alarichs Ziel war es fortan stets, ein foedus zu erwirken, das seine Männer versorgte und ihm selbst durch eine Stellung im Reichsdienst Legitimation verschaffte. Jedem Heerführer musste es darum gehen, die Versorgung (annona militaris) seines Kriegerverbandes zu sichern, und in der Spätantike war dies ohne Rückgriff auf die römische Infrastruktur unmöglich. Alarich versuchte, dieses Ziel zu erreichen, indem er sich die erwähnte Rivalität zwischen den beiden Kaiserhöfen in Konstantinopel und Italien zunutze machte. Im Jahr 397 griffen die Visigoten unter Alarich (es wäre an dieser Stelle wohl zu früh, schon von „Westgoten“ zu sprechen; die Ethnogenese war noch nicht abgeschlossen) nun oströmisches Gebiet an und rückten bis Konstantinopel vor. Der oströmische Hof warf Stilicho vor, er habe die Visigoten aufgehetzt, vielleicht nicht zu Unrecht. Da Alarich aber nicht in der Lage war, eine Belagerung der stark befestigten Stadt durchzuführen, zog er weiter nach Thessalien und über die unbewachten Thermopylen ins Innere Griechenlands. Die genauen Details dieses zweijährigen Feldzuges sind nicht bekannt. Er plünderte jedenfalls Attika, verschonte Athen, das sich ohne Gegenwehr ergab, rückte bis in die Peloponnes vor und eroberte deren wichtigste Städte Korinth, Argos und Sparta. Hier endete sein Siegeszug, denn nun griff ihn Stilicho an. Dem erfahrenen General gelang es, die Visigoten zwischen den Bergen von Pholoe, an der Grenze zwischen Arkadien und Elis, zu stellen. Die Visigoten konnten mit Schwierigkeiten entkommen, vielleicht auch mit Stilichos Duldung. Alarich und seine Visigoten überquerten den Golf von Korinth und zogen mit ihrer Beute nordwärts nach Epirus.
Der Zug nach Westen
Aus letztlich unklaren Gründen kam es dann zu einem Wandel. Wahrscheinlich war der oströmische Hof der Ansicht, Stilichos Operationen im Balkanraum seien als Angriff zu verstehen. Kaiser Arcadius’ Minister boten nun Alarich an, sich mit seinen Kriegern und deren Angehörigen in der wichtigen Präfektur Illyrien niederzulassen und dort mit annona versorgt zu werden. Er wurde zum magister militum per Illyricum ernannt und ließ seine Truppen durch die oströmischen Arsenale aufrüsten; Konstantinopel wollte die Visigoten nun gegen Stilicho einsetzen, den man zum Staatsfeind erklärt hatte. Bald nach 400 kam es aber wieder zum Bruch zwischen Alarich und Konstantinopel, vielleicht im Zusammenhang mit dem Putschversuch des Gainas. Um das Jahr 401 herum, genaue Daten sind nicht bekannt, rückte Alarich das erste Mal nach Italien vor. Durch seine Teilnahme an der Schlacht am Frigidus wusste er um die Schwächen der Claustra Alpium Iuliarum, des Verteidigungssystems in den Julischen Alpen, das im Gebiet des Birnbaumer Waldes im heutigen Slowenien den Zugang von und nach Italien absicherte.
Alarich wollte nun ein foedus mit Westrom erzwingen, um seine Männer zu versorgen. Er verwüstete Teile Norditaliens und brachte Schrecken nach Rom, bis Stilicho ihn in einer Schlacht bei Pollentia Ostern 402 besiegte. Nach einer weiteren verlorenen Schlacht bei Verona verließ Alarich Italien wieder, vermutlich im Frühjahr 403. Diese Schlacht muss nach Claudian auf westgotischen Seiten einen derart hohen Blutzoll gefordert haben, dass Alarich angeblich nur mit der Duldung Stilichos seine Armee neu ordnen und ausrüsten konnte. Vermutlich wollte Stilicho Alarichs kampfkräftigen Verband nicht zerschlagen, sondern für künftige innerrömische Auseinandersetzungen zu einem Bündnisgenossen gegen Ostrom aufbauen.
Alarich war nicht bis Rom gekommen, doch sein Angriff verursachte größere Änderungen im Imperium: Die Kaiserresidenz wurde im Jahr 402 von Mailand nach Ravenna verlegt, die 20. Legion musste aus Britannien abgezogen werden, und wahrscheinlich erleichterten die Kämpfe in Italien es den Vandalen, Sueben und Alanen, nach Gallien vorzudringen, wodurch Westrom zeitweilig die Kontrolle über die Provinzen in Gallien und Spanien verlor.
Das nächste Mal wird zum Jahr 407 über Alarich berichtet. Die Regierungen West- und Ostroms waren inzwischen derart verfeindet, dass ein Bürgerkrieg drohte. Stilicho verbündete sich mit Alarich, um die Ansprüche des Honorius auf der Präfektur Illyricum durchzusetzen. Doch zu einem Krieg kam es nicht, da in der Neujahrsnacht 406/07 die Rheingrenze kollabierte und Stilicho eiligst Truppen zusammenziehen musste, um dieser neuen Bedrohung Herr zu werden. Im Jahr 408 versöhnten sich Honorius und Arcadius wieder, doch Alarich, der bereits nach Epirus vorgedrungen war, verlangte nun die Erstattung seiner bisherigen Kosten. Die Summe, die er forderte, 4.000 Pfund Gold, war sehr hoch, doch auf Druck Stilichos genehmigte der Senat die Bezahlung, um Alarichs Visigoten gegen den Usurpator Konstantin (III.) einsetzen zu können, der inzwischen Britannien und Gallien kontrollierte. Drei Monate später ließ Kaiser Honorius seinen Schwiegervater Stilicho, dem Hochverrat vorgeworfen wurde, jedoch töten. In den darauf folgenden Unruhen wurden Frauen und Kinder der barbarischen foederati in ganz Italien ermordet. Zugleich wurde das foedus mit Alarichs Visigoten aufgekündigt. Als Folge lief eine rund 30.000 Mann starke Truppe zu den Visigoten Alarichs über. Im September 408 erreichte Alarich Rom, das nun keinen General vom Format Stilichos mehr zu seiner Verteidigung hatte, und belagerte die Stadt. Vom Hunger gequält stimmten die Bürger Roms einem Lösegeld von 2.000 Pfund Gold, 3.000 Pfund Pfeffer, kostbaren Seiden- und Ledergewändern zu.
Die Plünderung Roms
Von Honorius forderte Alarich nun die annona aus dem Gebiet zwischen der Donau und dem Golf von Venedig und den Titel eines Heermeisters der kaiserlichen Truppen. Honorius, der sicher in Ravenna war, lehnte Alarichs Forderungen ab. Nach einer zweiten Belagerung Roms stimmte der Senat Alarichs Forderung zu, einen neuen Kaiser, Priscus Attalus, auszurufen, und ließ Alarich zum ersten Mal in die Stadt. Attalus schloss im Namen Roms das gewünschte foedus mit den Goten, erwies sich aber ansonsten als ungeeignet. Ratschläge Alarichs ignorierend verlor er die Provinz Africa, die Kornkammer Roms, an Honorius-treue Einheiten unter dem comes Heraclianus. Dieser stoppte die wichtigen Getreidelieferungen nach Italien. Hunger, vormals eine Waffe Alarichs gegen Rom, wurde nun gegen Alarich eingesetzt. Attalus weigerte sich jedoch, einer militärischen Invasion Nordafrikas zuzustimmen. Nachdem Honorius durch oströmische Truppen verstärkt worden war, setzte Alarich Attalus ab. Erneute Verhandlungen mit Honorius scheiterten, und es kam zur dritten Belagerung Roms. Alarich, dessen Männer von Hunger geplagt wurden, befand sich in einer verzweifelten Lage und wusste sich nicht anders zu helfen.
Vermutlich am 24. August 410 drangen die Goten in Rom ein, nachdem man ihnen die Tore geöffnet hatte. Die Goten plünderten die Stadt drei Tage lang, verschonten jedoch, da selbst Christen, die Kirchen und alle, die darin Zuflucht gesucht hatten; insgesamt kam es wohl kaum zu größeren Verwüstungen. Dennoch hatte die Einnahme Roms, die erste seit 387 BCE ., eine deutliche Schockwirkung auf die römische Welt. Die Heiden glaubten, dass das Christentum an dieser Katastrophe schuld sei, während Augustinus von Hippo in seinem Hauptwerk De Civitate Dei eine Erwiderung auf diese Vorwürfe formulierte, die Orosius später ausbaute. Alarich, der wohl überhaupt nicht geplant hatte, Rom zu plündern – man bedenke, dass er schon seit Monaten im Umland stand und dazu jederzeit die Gelegenheit gehabt hätte –, war erst durch das sture Verhalten des Honorius in Handlungszwang geraten. Nun zog er weiter südwärts nach Kalabrien, um die reiche römische Provinz Africa zu erobern. Die vorangegangenen Ereignisse hatten ihm gezeigt, wie bedeutend die Kontrolle dieser Region war. Seine Schiffe wurden jedoch durch einen schweren Sturm zerstört und viele seiner Soldaten starben.
Kurze Zeit später starb er bei Cosenza an Fieber und wurde der Sage nach im Busento beigesetzt. Dazu sei der Fluss vorübergehend umgeleitet worden, damit Alarichs Grab niemals gefunden werden sollte. Die zeitgenössischen Quellen – etwa Orosius – berichten allerdings nicht von einem Grab im Flussbett; diese Geschichte erscheint erst über 100 Jahre später bei Jordanes.
Alarichs Schwager Athaulf folgte ihm von 410 bis 415 als Anführer des Verbandes. Er führte seine Krieger nach Gallien und heiratete die Kaiserschwester Galla Placidia, die Alarich 410 aus Rom entführt hatte, um so Anschluss an die herrschende Dynastie zu finden, wurde jedoch ermordet. Theoderich I., Alarichs Schwiegersohn, führte den Verband der Westgoten dann von 418 bis 451 als rex. Ein neues foedus wies ihnen Aquitanien als Siedlungs- und Versorgungsraum zu.
Bewertung
Die Quellen erlauben es nicht, den Charakter Alarichs genauer zu fassen. Offensichtlich wollte er für sich und seine Krieger, die keineswegs nur Goten waren, einen Platz im Imperium Romanum und Teilhabe an dessen Wohlstand erkämpfen. Es ging ihm dabei offenbar um eine vertraglich gesicherte Versorgung, annona, für seine Männer. Alarich hatte wohl keine politische Konzeption und war angesichts der wechselhaften Bürgerkriegszeit, in der er lebte, von einer gewissen „Unrast“ getrieben.[3] Unter seiner Führung machten die sich formierenden Westgoten einen deutlichen Schritt zur Verreiterung, es nahm also die Anzahl und Bedeutung der Reiterei im gotischen Heer zu.
Rezeption
Lange berühmt und bekannt war die Ballade Das Grab im Busento von August Graf von Platen, deren romantisierende Darstellung von Alarichs Bestattung das Bild der Nachwelt von der spätantiken Völkerwanderung sehr lange prägte.
Eine Gedenktafel mit der Inschrift „Alarich, König der Westgothen, † CCCCX“ fand für ihn in der Gedenkstätte Walhalla bei Regensburg Aufnahme. 
savenije 
191 I823074    Alareiks I.  Between 370 and 375  410  Alaric I (/ˈælərɪk/; Gothic: Alareiks, , "ruler of all";[2] Latin: Alaricus; 370 (or 375) – 410 AD) was the first king of the Visigoths, from 395 to 410. He rose to leadership of the Goths who came to occupy Moesia – territory acquired a couple of decades earlier by a combined force of Goths and Alans after the Battle of Adrianople.
Alaric began his career under the Gothic soldier Gainas, and later joined the Roman army. Once an ally of Rome under the Emperor Theodosius, Alaric helped defeat the Franks and other allies of a Roman usurper. Despite losing many thousands of his men, he received little recognition from Rome for his efforts and left the Roman army disappointed. After the death of Theodosius and the disintegration of the Roman armies in 395, he is described as king of the Visigoths. As the leader of the only effective field force remaining in the Balkans, he sought Roman legitimacy, never quite achieving a position acceptable to himself and to the Roman authorities.
He operated mainly against the successive Western Roman regimes, and marched into Italy, where he died. He is responsible for the sack of Rome in 410, one of several notable events in the Western Roman Empire's eventual decline.
Early life, federate status in the Balkans
According to Jordanes, a 6th-century Roman bureaucrat of Gothic origin—who later turned his hand to history—Alaric was born on Peuce Island at the mouth of the Danube Delta in present-day Romania and belonged to the noble Balti dynasty of the Tervingian Goths. There is no way to verify this claim.[3][a] Historian Douglas Boin does not make such an unequivocal assessment about Alaric's Gothic heritage and instead claims he came from either the Tervingi or the Greuthung tribes.[5] When the Goths suffered setbacks against the Huns, they made a mass migration across the Danube, and fought a war with Rome. Alaric was probably a child during this period who grew up along Rome's periphery.[6] Alaric's upbringing was shaped by living along the border of Roman territory in a region that the Romans viewed as a veritable "backwater"; some four centuries before, the Roman poet Ovid regarded the area along the Danube and Black Sea where Alaric was reared as a land of "barbarians", among "the most remote in the vast world."[7][b]
Alaric's childhood in the Balkans, where the Goths had settled by way of an agreement with Theodosius, was spent in the company of veterans who had fought at the Battle of Adrianople in 378,[c] during which they had annihilated much of the Eastern army and killed Emperor Valens.[10] Imperial campaigns against the Visigoths were conducted until a treaty was reached in 382. This treaty was the first foedus on imperial Roman soil and required these semi-autonomous Germanic tribes—among whom Alaric was raised—to supply troops for the Roman army in exchange for peace, control of cultivatable land, and freedom from Roman direct administrative control.[11] Correspondingly, there was hardly a region along the Roman frontier during Alaric's day without Gothic slaves and servants of one form or another.[12] For several subsequent decades, many Goths like Alaric were "called up into regular units of the eastern field army" while others served as auxiliaries in campaigns led by Theodosius against the western usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius.[13]
Rebellion against Rome, rise to Gothic leadership
A new phase in the relationship between the Goths and the empire resulted from the treaty signed in 382, as more and more Goths attained aristocratic rank from their service in the imperial army.[14] Alaric began his military career under the Gothic soldier Gainas, and later joined the Roman army.[d] He first appeared as leader of a mixed band of Goths and allied peoples, who invaded Thrace in 391 but were stopped by the half-Vandal Roman General Stilicho. While the Roman poet Claudian belittled Alaric as "a little-known menace" terrorizing southern Thrace during this time, Alaric's abilities and forces were formidable enough to prevent the Roman Emperor Theodosius from crossing the Maritsa River.[16]
Service under Theodosius I
By 392, Alaric had entered Roman military service, which coincided with a reduction of hostilities between Goths and Romans.[17] In 394, he led a Gothic force that helped Emperor Theodosius defeat the Frankish usurper Arbogast—fighting at the behest of Eugenius—at the Battle of Frigidus.[18] Despite sacrificing around 10,000 of his men, who had been victims of Theodosius' callous tactical decision to overwhelm the enemies front lines using Gothic foederati,[19] Alaric received little recognition from the emperor. Alaric was among the few who survived the protracted and bloody affair.[20] Many Romans considered it their "gain" and a victory that so many Goths had died during the Battle of Frigidus River.[21] Recent biographer, Douglas Boin, posits that seeing ten thousand of his (Alaric's) dead kinsmen likely elicited questions about what kind of ruler Theodosius actually had been and whether remaining in direct Roman service was best for men like him.[22] Refused the reward he expected, which included a promotion to the position of Magister militum and command of regular Roman units, Alaric mutinied and began to march against Constantinople.[23]
On 17 January 395, Theodosius died of an illness, leaving his two young and incapable sons Arcadius and Honorius in Stilicho's guardianship.[24] Modern writers regard Alaric as king of the Visigoths from 395.[25][26] According to historian Peter Heather, it is not entirely clear in the sources if Alaric rose to prominence at the time the Goths revolted following Theodosius's death, or if he had already risen within his tribe as early as the war against Eugenius.[27][e] Whatever the circumstances, Jordanes recorded that the new king persuaded his people to "seek a kingdom by their own exertions rather than serve others in idleness."[30]
Semi-independent action in Eastern Roman interests, Eastern Roman recognition
Whether or not Alaric was a member of an ancient Germanic royal clan—as claimed by Jordanes and debated by historians—is less important than his emergence as a leader, the first of his kind since Fritigern.[31] Theodosius's death left the Roman field armies collapsing and the Empire divided again between his two sons, one taking the eastern and the other the western portion of the Empire, Stilicho made himself master of the West and attempted to establish control in the East as well, and led an army into Greece.[32][33] Alaric rebelled again. Historian Roger Collins points out that while the rivalries created by the two halves of the Empire vying for power worked to Alaric's advantage and that of his people, simply being called to authority by the Gothic people did not solve the practicalities of their needs for survival. He needed Roman authority in order to be supplied by Roman cities.[34]
Alaric took his Gothic army on what Stilicho's propagandist Claudian described as a "pillaging campaign" that began first in the East.[25] Burns' interpretation is that Alaric and his men were recruited by Rufinus's Eastern regime in Constantinople, and sent to Thessaly to stave off Stilicho's threat.[35] No battle took place. Alaric's forces made their way down to Athens and along the coast, where he sought to force a new peace upon the Romans.[25] His march in 396 included passing through Thermopylae. Stilicho's propagandist Claudian accuses his troops of plundering for the next year or so as far south as the mountainous Peloponnese peninsula, and reports that only Stilicho's surprise attack with his western field army (having sailed from Italy) stemmed the plundering as he pushed Alaric's forces north into Epirus.[36] Zosimus adds that Stilicho's troops destroyed and pillaged too, and let Alaric's men escape with their plunder.[f]
Stilicho was forced to send some of his Eastern forces home.[37] They went to Constantinople under the command of one Gainas, a Goth with a large Gothic following. On arrival, Gainas murdered Rufinus, and was appointed magister militum for Thrace by Eutropius, the new supreme minister and the only eunuch consul of Rome, who, Zosimus claims, controlled Arcadius "as if he were a sheep".[g] A poem by Synesius advises Arcadius to display manliness and remove a "skin-clad savage" (probably referring to Alaric) from the councils of power and his barbarians from the Roman army. We do not know if Arcadius ever became aware of this advice, but it had no recorded effect.[38]
Stilicho obtained a few more troops from the German frontier and continued to campaign indecisively against the Eastern empire; again he was opposed by Alaric and his men. During the next year, 397, Eutropius personally led his troops to victory over some Huns who were marauding in Asia Minor. With his position thus strengthened he declared Stilicho a public enemy, and he established Alaric as magister militum per Illyricum[36] Alaric thus acquired entitlement to gold and grain for his followers and negotiations were underway for a more permanent settlement.[39] Stilicho's supporters in Milan were outraged at this seeming betrayal; meanwhile, Eutropius was celebrated in 398 by a parade through Constantinople for having achieved victory over the "wolves of the North."[40][h] Alaric's people were relatively quiet for the next couple of years.[42] In 399, Eutropius fell from power.[43] The new Eastern regime now felt that they could dispense with Alaric's services and they nominally transferred Alaric's province to the West. This administrative change removed Alaric's Roman rank and his entitlement to legal provisioning for his men, leaving his army—the only significant force in the ravaged Balkans—as a problem for Stilicho.[44]
In search of Western Roman recognition; invading Italy
According to historian Michael Kulikowski, sometime in the spring of 402 Alaric decided to invade Italy, but no sources from antiquity indicate to what purpose.[45][i] Burns suggests that Alaric was probably desperate for provisions.[47] Using Claudian as his source, historian Guy Halsall reports that Alaric's attack actually began in late 401, but since Stilicho was in Raetia "dealing with frontier issues" the two did not first confront one another in Italy until 402.[48] Alaric's entry into Italy followed the route identified in the poetry of Claudian, as he crossed the peninsula's Alpine frontier near the city of Aquileia.[49] For a period of six to nine months, there were reports of Gothic attacks along the northern Italian roads, where Alaric was spotted by Roman townspeople.[50] Along the route on Via Postumia, Alaric first encountered Stilicho.[51]
Two battles were fought. The first was at Pollentia on Easter Sunday, where Stilicho (according to Claudian) achieved an impressive victory, taking Alaric's wife and children prisoner, and more significantly, seizing much of the treasure that Alaric had amassed over the previous five years' worth of plundering.[52][j] Pursuing the retreating forces of Alaric, Stilicho offered to return the prisoners but was refused. The second battle was at Verona,[52] where Alaric was defeated for a second time. Stilicho once again offered Alaric a truce and allowed him to withdraw from Italy. Kulikowski explains this confusing, if not outright conciliatory behavior by stating, "given Stilicho's cold war with Constantinople, it would have been foolish to destroy as biddable and violent a potential weapon as Alaric might well prove to be".[52] Halsall's observations are similar, as he contends that the Roman general's "decision to permit Alaric's withdrawal into Pannonia makes sense if we see Alaric's force entering Stilicho's service, and Stilicho's victory being less total than Claudian would have us believe".[54] Perhaps more revealing is a report from the Greek historian Zosimus—writing a half a century later—that indicates an agreement was concluded between Stilicho and Alaric in 405, which suggests Alaric being in "western service at that point", likely stemming from arrangements made back in 402.[55][k] Between 404 and 405, Alaric remained in one of the four Pannonian provinces, from where he could "play East off against West while potentially threatening both".[52]
Historian A.D. Lee observes, "Alaric’s return to the north-west Balkans brought only temporary respite to Italy, for in 405 another substantial body of Goths and other barbarians, this time from outside the empire, crossed the middle Danube and advanced into northern Italy, where they plundered the countryside and besieged cities and towns" under their leader Radagaisus.[57] Although the imperial government was struggling to muster enough troops to contain these barbarian invasions, Stilicho managed to stifle the threat posed by the tribes under Radagaisus, when the latter split his forces into three separate groups. Stilicho cornered Radagaisus near Florence and starved the invaders into submission.[57][l] Meanwhile, Alaric—bestowed with codicils of magister militum by Stilicho and now supplied by the West—awaited for one side or the other to incite him to action as Stilicho faced further difficulties from more barbarians.[59]
Second invasion of Italy, agreement with Western Roman regime
Sometime in 406 and into 407, more large groups of barbarians, consisting primarily of Vandals, Sueves and Alans, crossed the Rhine into Gaul while about the same time a rebellion occurred in Britain. Under a common soldier named Constantine it spread to Gaul.[60] Burdened by so many enemies, Stilicho's position was strained. During this crisis in 407, Alaric again marched on Italy, taking a position in Noricum (modern Austria), where he demanded a sum of 4,000 pounds of gold to buy off another full-scale invasion.[61][62] The Roman Senate loathed the idea of supporting Alaric; Zosimus observed that one senator famously declaimed Non est ista pax, sed pactio servitutis ("This is not peace, but a pact of servitude").[m] Stilicho paid Alaric the 4,000 pounds of gold nevertheless.[63] This agreement, sensible in view of the military situation, fatally weakened Stilicho's standing at Honorius's court.[62] Twice Stilicho had allowed Alaric to escape his grasp, and Radagaisus had advanced all the way to the outskirts of Florence.[64]
Renewed hostilities after Western Roman coup
In the East, Arcadius died on 1 May 408 and was replaced by his son Theodosius II; Stilicho seems to have planned to march to Constantinople, and to install there a regime loyal to himself.[65] He may also have intended to give Alaric a senior official position and send him against the rebels in Gaul. Before Stilicho could do so, while he was away at Ticinum at the head of a small detachment, a bloody coup against his supporters took place at Honorius's court. It was led by Honorius's minister, Olympius.[66] Stilicho's small escort of Goths and Huns was commanded by a Goth, Sarus, whose Gothic troops massacred the Hun contingent in their sleep, and then withdrew towards the cities in which their own families were billeted. Stilicho ordered that Sarus's Goths should not be admitted, but, now without an army, he was forced to flee for sanctuary. Agents of Olympius promised Stilicho his life, but instead betrayed and killed him.[67][n]
Alaric was again declared an enemy of the Emperor. Olympius's men then massacred the families of the federate troops (as presumed supporters of Stilicho, although they had probably rebelled against him), and the troops defected en masse to Alaric.[69] Many thousands of barbarian auxiliaries, along with their wives and children, joined Alaric in Noricum.[70] The conspirators seem to have let their main army disintegrate,[71] and had no policy except hunting down supporters of Stilicho.[72] Italy was left without effective indigenous defence forces thereafter.[73]
As a declared 'enemy of the Emperor', Alaric was denied the legitimacy that he needed to collect taxes and hold cities without large garrisons, which he could not afford to detach. He again offered to move his men, this time to Pannonia, in exchange for a modest sum of money and the modest title of Comes, but he was refused because Olympius's regime regarded him as a supporter of Stilicho.[74]
First siege of Rome, agreed ransom
When Alaric was rebuffed, he led his force of around 30,000 men—many newly enlisted and understandably motivated—on a march toward Rome to avenge their murdered families.[75] He moved across the Julian Alps into Italy, probably using the route and supplies arranged for him by Stilicho,[76] bypassing the imperial court in Ravenna which was protected by widespread marshland and had a port, and in September 408 he menaced the city of Rome, imposing a strict blockade. No blood was shed this time; Alaric relied on hunger as his most powerful weapon. When the ambassadors of the Senate, entreating for peace, tried to intimidate him with hints of what the despairing citizens might accomplish, he laughed and gave his celebrated answer: "The thicker the hay, the easier mowed!" After much bargaining, the famine-stricken citizens agreed to pay a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, 3,000 hides dyed scarlet, and 3,000 pounds of pepper.[77] Alaric also recruited some 40,000 freed Gothic slaves. Thus ended Alaric's first siege of Rome.
Failed agreement with the Western Romans, Alaric sets up his own emperor
After having provisionally agreed to the terms offered by Alaric for lifting the blockade, Honorius recanted; historian A.D. Lee highlights that one of the points of contention for the emperor was Alaric's expectation of being named head of the Roman Army, a post Honorius was not prepared to grant to Alaric.[78] When this title was not bestowed onto Alaric, he proceeded to not only "besiege Rome again in late 409, but also to proclaim a leading senator, Priscus Attalus, as a rival emperor, from whom Alaric then received the appointment" he desired.[78] Meanwhile, Alaric's newly appointed "emperor" Attalus, who seems not to have understood the limits of his power or his dependence on Alaric, failed to take Alaric's advice and lost the grain supply in Africa to a pro-Honorian comes Africae, Heraclian.[79] Then, sometime in 409, Attalus—accompanied by Alaric—marched on Ravenna and after receiving unprecedented terms and concessions from the legitimate emperor Honorius, refused him and instead demanded that Honorius be deposed and exiled.[79] Fearing for his safety, Honorius made preparations to flee to Ravenna when a ship carrying 4,000 troops arrived from Constantinople, restoring his resolve.[78] Now that Honorius no longer felt the need to negotiate, Alaric (regretting his choice of puppet emperor) deposed Attalus, perhaps to re-open negotiations with Ravenna.[80]
Sack of Rome
Negotiations with Honorius might have succeeded had it not been for another intervention by Sarus, of the Amal family, and therefore a hereditary enemy of Alaric and his house. He attacked Alaric's men.[56] Why Sarus, who had been in imperial service for years under Stilicho, acted at this moment remains a mystery, but Alaric interpreted this attack as directed by Ravenna and as bad faith from Honorius. No longer would negotiations suffice for Alaric, as his patience had reached its end, which led him to march on Rome for a third and final time.[81]
On 24 August 410, Alaric and his forces began the sack of Rome, an assault that lasted three days.[82] After hearing reports that Alaric had entered the city—possibly aided by Gothic slaves inside—there were reports that Emperor Honorius (safe in Ravenna) broke into "wailing and lamentation" but quickly calmed once "it was explained to him that it was the city of Rome that had met its end and not 'Roma'," his pet fowl.[82] Writing from Bethlehem, St. Jerome (Letter 127.12, to the lady Principia)[o] lamented: "A dreadful rumour reached us from the West. We heard that Rome was besieged, that the citizens were buying their safety with gold . . . The city which had taken the whole world was itself taken; nay, it fell by famine before it fell to the sword."[82] Nonetheless, Christian apologists also cited how Alaric ordered that anyone who took shelter in a Church was to be spared.[83][p] When liturgical vessels were taken from the basilica of St. Peter and Alaric heard of this, he ordered them returned and had them ceremoniously restored in the church.[84] If the account from the historian Orosius can be seen as accurate, there was even a celebratory recognition of Christian unity by way of a procession through the streets where Romans and barbarians alike "raised a hymn to God in public"; historian Edward James concludes that such stories are likely more political rhetoric of the "noble" barbarians than a reflection of historical reality.[84]
According to historian Patrick Geary, Roman booty was not the focus of Alaric's sack of Rome; he came for needed food supplies.[85][q] Historian Stephen Mitchell asserts that Alaric's followers seemed incapable of feeding themselves and relied on provisions "supplied by the Roman authorities."[86] Whatever Alaric's intentions were cannot be known entirely, but Kulikowski certainly sees the issue of available treasure in a different light, writing that "For three days, Alaric’s Goths sacked the city, stripping it of the wealth of centuries."[81] The barbarian invaders were not gentle in their treatment of property as substantial damage was still evident into the sixth century.[84] Certainly the Roman world was shaken by the fall of the Eternal City to barbarian invaders, but as Guy Halsall emphasizes, "Rome’s fall had less striking political effects. Alaric, unable to treat with Honorius, remained in the political cold."[83] Kulikowski sees the situation similarly, commenting:
But for Alaric the sack of Rome was an admission of defeat, a catastrophic failure. Everything he had hoped for, had fought for over the course of a decade and a half, went up in flames with the capital of the ancient world. Imperial office, a legitimate place for himself and his followers inside the empire, these were now forever out of reach. He might seize what he wanted, as he had seized Rome, but he would never be given it by right. The sack of Rome solved nothing and when the looting was over Alaric’s men still had nowhere to live and fewer future prospects than ever before.[81]
Still, the importance of Alaric cannot be "overestimated" according to Halsall, since he had desired and obtained a Roman command even though he was a barbarian; his real misfortune was being caught between the rivalry of the Eastern and Western empires and their court intrigue.[87] According to historian Peter Brown, when one compares Alaric with other barbarians, "he was almost an Elder Statesman."[88] Nonetheless, Alaric's respect for Roman institutions as a former servant to its highest office did not stay his hand in violently sacking the city that had for centuries exemplified Roman glory, leaving behind physical destruction and social disruption, while Alaric took clerics and even the emperor’s sister, Galla Placidia, with him when he left the city.[84] Many other Italian communities beyond the city of Rome itself fell victim to the forces under Alaric, as Procopius (Wars 3.2.11–13) writing in the sixth-century later relates:
For they destroyed all the cities which they captured, especially those south of the Ionian Gulf, so completely that nothing has been left to my time to know them by, unless, indeed, it might be one tower or gate or some such thing which chanced to remain. And they killed all the people, as many as came in their way, both old and young alike, sparing neither women nor children. Wherefore even up to the present time Italy is sparsely populated.[89]
Whether Alaric's forces wrought the level of destruction described by Procopius or not cannot be known, but evidence speaks to a significant population decrease, as the number of people on the food dole dropped from 800,000 in 408 to 500,000 by 419.[90] Rome's fall to the barbarians was as much a psychological blow to the empire as anything else, since some Romans citizens saw the collapse as resulting from the conversion to Christianity, while Christian apologists like Augustine (writing City of God) responded in turn.[91] Lamenting Rome's capture, famed Christian theologian Jerome, wrote how "day and night" he could not stop thinking of everyone's safety, and moreover, how Alaric had extinguished "the bright light of all the world."[92] Some contemporary Christian observers even saw Alaric—himself a Christian—as God's wrath upon a still pagan Rome.[93]
Move to southern Italy, death from disease
Not only had Rome's sack been a significant blow to the Roman people's morale, they had also endured two years' worth of trauma brought about by fear, hunger (consequent the blockades), and illness.[94] However, the Goths were not long in the city of Rome, as only three days after the sack, Alaric marched his men south to Campania, from where he intended to sail to Sicily—probably to obtain grain and other supplies—when a storm destroyed his fleet.[95] During the early months of 411, while on his northward return journey through Italy, Alaric took ill and died at Consentia in Bruttium.[95] His cause of death was likely fever,[96][r] and his body was, according to legend, buried under the riverbed of the Busento in accordance with the pagan practices of the Visigothic people. The stream was temporarily turned aside from its course while the grave was dug, wherein the Gothic chief and some of his most precious spoils were interred. When the work was finished, the river was turned back into its usual channel and the captives by whose hands the labor had been accomplished were put to death that none might learn their secret.[97][s]
Aftermath
Alaric was succeeded in the command of the Gothic army by his brother-in-law, Ataulf,[98] who married Honorius' sister Galla Placidia three years later.[99] Following in the wake of Alaric's leadership, which Kulikowski claims, had given his people "a sense of community that survived his own death...Alaric’s Goths remained together inside the empire, going on to settle in Gaul. There, in the province of Aquitaine, they put down roots and created the first autonomous barbarian kingdom inside the frontiers of the Roman empire."[100] The Goths were able to settle in Aquitaine only after Honorius granted the once Roman province to them, sometime in 418 or 419.[101] Not long after Alaric's exploits in Rome and Athaulf's settlement in Aquitaine, there is a "rapid emergence of Germanic barbarian groups in the West" who begin controlling many western provinces.[102] These barbarian peoples included: Vandals in Spain and Africa, Visigoths in Spain and Aquitaine, Burgundians along the upper Rhine and southern Gaul, and Franks on the lower Rhine and in northern and central Gaul.[102]
Sources
The chief authorities on the career of Alaric are: the historian Orosius and the poet Claudian, both contemporary, neither disinterested; Zosimus, a historian who lived probably about half a century after Alaric's death; and Jordanes, a Goth who wrote the history of his nation in 551, basing his work on Cassiodorus's Gothic History.
 
savenije 
192 I823074    Alareiks I.  Between 370 and 375  410  Alarik I (Peuce, ca. 370 - Cosenza, 410) was een Visigotische leider die tussen 395 en 410 koning was van de Visigoten. Hij vocht als generaal voor de Romeinen. Later keerde hij zich tegen het Romeinse Rijk. Hij was de eerste Germaanse leider die Rome innam.
Afkomst
Alarik stamde af van een oud Visigotisch koningsgeslacht, de Balten en werd geboren op het eiland Peuce aan de monding van de Donau. Toen het Visigotische volk de grens met het Romeinse Rijk overstak, was hij een jaar of vijftien. Op jonge leeftijd deed hij mee aan de strijd tegen de Romeinen, o.a. in de slag bij Adrianopel (378) en de gevechten daarna.
Alarik was christen en behoorde tot de ariaanse tak, zoals de meeste Germanen die tot het christendom waren bekeerd.
Opstand tegen de Romeinen
Zoals zovelen onder de Visigoten diende Alarik in het Romeinse leger. Onder keizer Theodosius de Grote maakte hij carrière en steeg op tot de rang van generaal. In 394 streed hij tegen usurpator Eugenius. Deze tegenkeizer werd verslagen in de Slag aan de Frigidus door het Romeinse leger met Stilicho als opperbevelhebber. Toen Theodosius in januari 395 stierf, stuurde Stilicho als plaatsvervanger regent, om politieke redenen de Visigoten van Alarik terug naar hun woongebieden in Moesië. Alarik ging daar schoorvoetend mee akkoord. Hij voelde zich gepasseerd omdat hij zelf op een hoge positie had gerekend, en niet lang daarna, toen zich een gunstige gelegenheid voordeed, kwam hij met zijn volk in opstand. Bij die gelegenheid werd Alarik door zijn volk tot koning gekozen.
Italië
Eutropius, raadsheer van de Oost-Romeinse keizer Arcadius, zocht in het geheim contact met Alarik om hem er toe te bewegen met zijn volk naar het westen te trekken. In 401 toen het leger van Stilicho op veldtocht was, zag Alarik kans Italië binnen te vallen. Zonder noemenswaardige weerstand te ondervinden kon hij optrekken en de stad Milaan, de residentie van de keizer, omsingelen.
Milaan kon pas na enige tijd worden ontzet en op 6 april 402 troffen het Romeinse en Visigotische leger elkaar bij Pollentia. Alarik verloor de slag en moest zich terugtrekken naar de bergen van Noricum en oostelijk Raetia. Het jaar daarna ondernam hij een nieuwe poging, maar ondervond opnieuw zware tegenstand van het Romeinse leger van Stilicho. Wederom werden de Visigoten verslagen, ditmaal in de Slag bij Verona. Bij de vredesbesprekingen die na afloop werden gehouden wist hij wel een vrije aftocht te bedingen.
In 408, na de afzetting en daaropvolgende moord op Stilicho, trok Alarik voor de derde maal met zijn manschappen weer Italië binnen. Nu slaagde hij er wel in de Romeinen te verslaan. In 410 plunderde zijn leger Rome, dat voor de eerste keer sinds de Gallische inval in 390 BCE door niet-Romeinse troepen werd bezet. Hij moest wegens voedselschaarste verder trekken tot in Zuid-Italië, waar hij een oversteek naar Africa voorbereidde, maar hij stierf in de stad Cosenza, voordat het plan uitgevoerd kon worden. Soldaten verlegden tijdelijk de loop van de rivier Busento, zodat ze zijn lichaam in de drooggelegde bedding konden begraven. Om de plaats van zijn graf geheim te houden werden de grafdelvers gedood door enkele van Alariks officieren. Deze bewaarden het geheim tot hun dood. Niemand weet tot op heden waar koning Alarik I precies begraven ligt in de Busento. Volgens een legende zou hij ook begraven kunnen zijn in een grot in de Montagne d'Alaric in het zuiden van Frankrijk, die naar hem vernoemd is. Geschiedkundigen vinden dit echter zeer onwaarschijnlijk[1]
Athaulf, de zwager van Alarik I, nam het bevel over het Gotische leger over. In 415 trouwde Athaulf met Galla Placidia, de zuster van keizer Flavius Honorius. 
savenije 
193 I823074    Alareiks I.  Between 370 and 375  410  Alaric Ier (en gotique, Alareiks), né vers 370 à Pteros (en Dobrogée, dans l'actuelle Roumanie), mort en 410 en Italie, est un aristocrate wisigoth, roi des Wisigoths de 395 à 410. Il est particulièrement connu, en raison de la prise et du pillage d'Athènes en 396, puis de Rome en 410

Biographie
Origine et formation
Alaric appartient à une famille noble, membre du clan des Balthes. Selon Herwig Wolfram, il était le fils d'Alaviv.
l naît dans le castrum de Platei Pegiae, aux bouches du Danube, à l'époque où les Wisigoths (alors nommés Thervingues) se trouvent, depuis le traité de 332 avec Constantin, pourvus du statut de fédérés (fœderati1), occupant le territoire de l'ancienne province de Dacie, abandonnée récemment par Rome.
Durant son enfance, il participe sous la direction de Fritigern et Alaviv au grand déplacement des Wisigoths : l'entrée dans l'Empire romain en 376 afin d'échapper à la menace des Huns ; la bataille d'Andrinople en 378, où est tué l'empereur Valens, remplacé par Théodose ; le nouveau traité de fédération de 382, qui installe les Wisigoths en Mésie.
En 394, il devient chef des fédérés wisigoths et participe, sous les ordres de Stilicon, à la campagne contre l'usurpateur Eugène dans les parages de la rivière Frigidus. Lors de la bataille qui s'ensuit, les Goths n'ayant ni ravitaillement, ni soutien des Romains, ressentent l'attitude impériale comme une trahison : ils repartent vers l'Est et rejoignent la Mésie en pillant tout sur leur passage, mais là, ils se retrouvent face aux Huns qui viennent de franchir le Danube.
En 395, Théodose meurt, partageant son empire entre ses deux fils, Arcadius en Orient et Honorius en Occident.
Roi des Wisigoths (395) et première invasion de l'Italie (400-403)
Alaric espère recevoir un grand commandement à l'occasion du changement de règne, mais cela lui est refusé, et de plus les fœderati sont spoliés de leur part de butin. Ils acclament Alaric roi, et celui-ci envahit et pille la Thrace, la Macédoine et le Péloponnèse en 395-396, mettant à sac les prestigieuses cités grecques et vendant leurs habitants comme esclaves. Aux frontières de l'Élide et de l'Arcadie, ils se heurtent aux troupes de leur ancien commandant, Stilicon qui les force à évacuer le Péloponnèse. Sans doute dans l'espoir de neutraliser Alaric, Arcadius le nomme « Maître des Milices en l'Illyrie », importante province romaine. Il se trouve donc général de l'armée romaine qui commande une légion palatine, six auxilia palatines, huit légions comitatenses, neuf légions pseudo-comitatenses et deux corps de cavalerie conduites chacune par un comte (vexillationes) soit près de 150 000 hommes2. La plupart des historiens pensent que ce contingent correspond à l'effectif des Goths, environ cent mille hommes. Malgré la puissance évoquée par son titre et ses hommes, Alaric est sous l'autorité du Préfet du Prétoire et ne peut collecter directement les impôts alors que son titre le lui permet.
Le 12 juillet 400, les Goths assiègent Constantinople mais se font massacrer ; à l'annonce de cette nouvelle, Alaric s'allie avec le chef Ostrogoth Radagaise, marche sur l'Italie et en dévaste toute la partie nord, avant d'être arrêté de nouveau par Stilicon, le 6 avril 402. Stilicon n'extermine pas les troupes d'Alaric, espérant peut-être en faire des mercenaires. Après une autre défaite à la bataille de Vérone, Alaric quitte l'Italie en 403 pour revenir en Illyrie3. À cause de son invasion, l'empereur quitte Rome en 402 et la capitale de l'empire d'Occident passe de Milan à Ravenne (Rome, délaissée par les empereurs depuis bien des années, n'était plus la capitale de l'Empire).
Seconde invasion de l'Italie (408-410)
Mort d'Arcadius et de Stilicon
En 408, Arcadius meurt. Alaric en profite pour demander à être payé pour cesser la guerre, et réclame la somme de 2 000 kg d'or, que Stilicon fait promettre au Sénat romain de payer. Alaric reçoit alors le titre de « Maître des Milices des Gaules »4 dans l'espoir qu'il se débarrasse de l'usurpateur Constantin.
Quelques mois plus tard, Honorius, jaloux du prestige et du pouvoir de son général et influencé par ses favoris, fait tuer Stilicon et ses proches. Dans la confusion qui s'ensuit, les troupes romaines massacrent les familles des fœderati, qui rejoignent alors en grand nombre les troupes d'Alaric. En septembre 408, Alaric franchit de nouveau les Alpes et assiège Rome. Les habitants affamés finissent par accepter de payer plus de 2 500 kg d'or, 15 000 kg d'argent, 4 000 robes de soie, 3 000 peaux teintes en pourpre et 1 500 kg de poivre3.
Alaric établit un camp permanent en Toscane et organise son armée. Il est rejoint par Athaulf et ses cavaliers.
Le siège et la prise de Rome (409-410)
Alaric réclame également un vaste territoire entre le Danube et la Vénétie, ainsi que le titre de commandant en chef de l'armée impériale. Protégé à Ravenne, Honorius refuse. En 409, Alaric met de nouveau le siège devant la « Ville éternelle ». Le Sénat romain s'accorde alors avec lui pour instituer un nouvel empereur, le faible Priscus Attale, qui s'avère vite incompétent, et perd la riche province d'Afrique, grenier de l'Empire, tenue par les partisans d'Honorius. Alaric doit faire face à des émeutes frumentaires à Rome et à des légions envoyées par le neveu d'Honorius, Théodose II. Il chasse Priscus Attale, et tente d'ouvrir de nouveau des négociations avec Honorius. Après leur échec, il fait une troisième fois le siège de Rome, en 410. En voyant les hautes murailles de la ville, qui semblent quasiment imprenables, il dit : « …plus l'herbe est drue, plus elle est facile à faucher… ». Il prend la ville sans grande difficulté, car on lui ouvre tout simplement l'une des portes, et c'est alors le célèbre sac de Rome d'août 410, le premier depuis la prise de la ville par des Celtes au IVe siècle av. J.-C.. Le pillage dure à peine trois jours ; les Goths épargnent tous ceux qui trouvent refuge dans les lieux saints5, et rendront ensuite aux basiliques tout ce qui leur a été pris. Galla Placidia, fille du défunt Théodose et sœur de l'empereur Flavius Honorius, est retenue captive dans la ville par les Goths6. Cette violation de l'ancienne capitale impériale, tombant aux mains des « Barbares », marque durablement les esprits dans les deux empires.
Tentative de gagner l'Afrique et mort d'Alaric
Peu de temps avant sa mort, Alaric pille l'Italie du Sud, et tente d'envahir l'Afrique, mais ses navires sont détruits par une tempête. Lui-même meurt d'une fièvre, à la fin de l'année 410 en Calabre, dans l'actuelle province de Cosenza. Selon une légende citée déjà vers 550 par Jordanes7, il serait enterré sous le lit de la rivière Busento8,3, qui coule à Cosenza : la rivière est détournée, la tombe creusée, son corps est inhumé avec un important trésor, puis la rivière recouvre son cours. Les esclaves ayant creusé la tombe sont mis à mort pour garder le secret. Son successeur est son beau-frère Athaulf. 
savenije 
194 I822284    Alarich II.  About 460  507  König d. Westgoten 484-507
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
195 I850039    Alba  Date unknown  Date unknown  König v. Alba Longa 1030-991  savenije 
196 I852503    Alberada  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
197 I30299    Alberga  About 1045  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
198 I433767    Alberich  About 615  Date unknown  Adeliger
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
199 I869755    Alberich  About 787  Date unknown  Bf. v. Langres 820
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
200 I869752    Alberich  About 815  Date unknown  nobilis vir in Sens
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
201 I824845    Albia Domnica  About 337  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
202 I822303    Alboin  About 530  Sunday 28 June 572  ermordet  savenije 
203 I822303    Alboin  About 530  Sunday 28 June 572  König d. Langobarden 560-572
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
204 I825951    Alcidice  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
205 I825977    Alcyone  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
206 I816408    Alda  Date unknown  Date unknown  aus Burgund stammend
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
207 I828805    Alda  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
208 I837956    Aldar  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
209 I883409    Aldburg  About 910  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
210 I867383    Aldo  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
211 I841467    Aleidis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
212 I844898    Aleidis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
213 I825952    Aleus  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
214 I816938    Alexandra I. Salome  -140  Date unknown  Kgn. 67-63
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
215 I825821    Alexandros  About 25  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
216 I835048    Alfenia Iuliana  About 265  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
217 I837883    Alfenius Avitianus  About 150  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
218 I832863    Alfhild  Date unknown  Date unknown  Mätresse
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
219 I817005    Alfidia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
220 I870388    Alfred  About 895  Date unknown  Bf. v. Sherborne um 933
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
221 I825890    Alkaios  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
222 I796728    Alkmaion II.  About -625  Date unknown  General 591, olympischer Viergespannsieger  savenije 
223 I837426    Alladh  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
224 I867978    Almodis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1087/91
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
225 I793561    Aloara  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
226 I253378    Alogyne  -495  Date unknown  babylonische Konkubine  savenije 
227 I23549    Alpaïs  About 650  After 705  Urkunde 690-705, Abkunft unsicher, eventuell Tochter eines 673 genannten Childebrand
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
228 I792893    Alrad  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
229 I821808    Alta  Date unknown  Date unknown  Besitzerin der Burg Mörmoosen
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
230 I825910    Althaia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
231 I823080    Alypia  About 455  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
232 I869368    Amadeus  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
233 I822282    Amalarich  About 502  531  ermordet  savenije 
234 I822282    Amalarich  About 502  531  König d. Westgoten 511-531
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
235 I792575    Amalberga  About 495  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
236 I792577    Amalfrieda  About 465  Date unknown  Schwester von Theoderich d. Großen
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
237 I824604    Amaltrud  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
238 I843645    Amanidab  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
239 I818019    Amantia Marina  About 280  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
240 I796935    Amarja  About -925  Date unknown  Hohepriester unter Josaphat (868-847)
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
241 I796940    Amarja  About -1110  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
242 I849271    Amasis II.  About -615  Date unknown  Amasis II (Ancient Greek: Ἄμασις) or Ahmose II was a pharaoh (reigned 570 – 526 BCE) of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the successor of Apries at Sais. He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest.
Life
Most of our information about him is derived from Herodotus (2.161ff) and can only be imperfectly verified by monumental evidence. According to the Greek historian, he was of common origins.[3] He was originally an officer in the Egyptian army. His birthplace was Siuph at Saïs. He took part in a general campaign of Pharaoh Psamtik II in 592 BC in Nubia.[citation needed]
A revolt which broke out among native Egyptian soldiers gave him his opportunity to seize the throne. These troops, returning home from a disastrous military expedition to Cyrene in Libya, suspected that they had been betrayed in order that Apries, the reigning king, might rule more absolutely by means of his Greek mercenaries; many Egyptians fully sympathized with them. General Amasis, sent to meet them and quell the revolt, was proclaimed king by the rebels instead, and Apries, who then had to rely entirely on his mercenaries, was defeated.[4] Apries fled to the Babylonians and was captured and killed mounting an invasion of his native homeland in 567 BCE with the aid of a Babylonian army.[5] An inscription confirms the struggle between the native Egyptian and the foreign soldiery, and proves that Apries was killed and honourably buried in the third year of Amasis (c. 567 BCE).[4] Amasis then married Chedebnitjerbone II, one of the daughters of his predecessor Apries, in order to legitimise his kingship.[6]
Some information is known about the family origins of Amasis: his mother was a certain Tashereniset, as a bust of her, today located in the British Museum, shows.[7] A stone block from Mehallet el-Kubra also establishes that his maternal grandmother—Tashereniset's mother—was a certain Tjenmutetj.[7]
His court is relatively well known. The head of the gate guard Ahmose-sa-Neith appears on numerous monuments, including the location of his sarcophagus. He was referenced on monuments of the 30th Dynasty and apparently had a special significance in his time. Wahibre was 'Leader of the southern foreigners' and 'Head of the doors of foreigners', so he was the highest official for border security. Under Amasis the career of the doctor, Udjahorresnet, began, who was of particular importance to the Persians. Several "heads of the fleet" are known. Psamtek Meryneit and Pasherientaihet / Padineith are the only known viziers.
Herodotus describes how Amasis II would eventually cause a confrontation with the Persian armies. According to Herodotus, Amasis was asked by Cambyses II or Cyrus the Great for an Egyptian ophthalmologist on good terms. Amasis seems to have complied by forcing an Egyptian physician into mandatory labor, causing him to leave his family behind in Egypt and move to Persia in forced exile. In an attempt to exact revenge for this, the physician grew very close to Cambyses and suggested that Cambyses should ask Amasis for a daughter in marriage in order to solidify his bonds with the Egyptians. Cambyses complied and requested a daughter of Amasis for marriage.[8]
Amasis, worrying that his daughter would be a concubine to the Persian king, refused to give up his offspring; Amasis also was not willing to take on the Persian empire, so he concocted a deception in which he forced the daughter of the ex-pharaoh Apries, whom Herodotus explicitly confirms to have been killed by Amasis, to go to Persia instead of his own offspring.[8][9][10]
This daughter of Apries was none other than Nitetis, who was, as per Herodotus's account, "tall and beautiful." Nitetis naturally betrayed Amasis and upon being greeted by the Persian king explained Amasis's trickery and her true origins. This infuriated Cambyses and he vowed to take revenge for it. Amasis died before Cambyses reached him, but his heir and son Psamtik III was defeated by the Persians.[8][10]
First, Cyrus the Great signed alliance agreements with the Lydian King Croesus and Nabonidus the Babylonian king in 542 BC. The actual aim of the agreements was to prevent aid between Egypt and her allies. With both now deprived of Egyptian support, the Persians conquered, first, Croesus's empire in 541 BCE, and, then, the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BCE.
Herodotus also describes how, just like his predecessor, Amasis relied on Greek mercenaries and councilmen. One such figure was Phanes of Halicarnassus, who would later leave Amasis, for reasons that Herodotus does not clearly know, but suspects were personal between the two figures. Amasis sent one of his eunuchs to capture Phanes, but the eunuch was bested by the wise councilman and Phanes fled to Persia, meeting up with Cambyses and providing advice for his invasion of Egypt. Egypt was finally lost to the Persians during the battle of Pelusium in 525 BC.[10]
Egypt's wealth
Amasis brought Egypt into closer contact with Greece than ever before. Herodotus relates that under his prudent administration, Egypt reached a new level of wealth; Amasis adorned the temples of Lower Egypt especially with splendid monolithic shrines and other monuments (his activity here is proved by existing remains).[4] For example, a temple built by him was excavated at Tell Nebesha.[citation needed]
Amasis assigned the commercial colony of Naucratis on the Canopic branch of the Nile to the Greeks, and when the temple of Delphi was burnt, he contributed 1,000 talents to the rebuilding. He also married a Greek princess named Ladice daughter of King Battus III and made alliances with Polycrates of Samos and Croesus of Lydia.[4] Montaigne cites the story by Herodotus that Ladice cured Amasis of his impotence by praying to Venus/Aphropdite.[11]
Under Amasis, Egypt's agricultural based economy reached its zenith. Herodotus, who visited Egypt less than a century after Amasis II's death, writes that:
It is said that it was during the reign of Ahmose II (Amasis) that Egypt attained its highest level of prosperity both in respect of what the river gave the land and in respect of what the land yielded to men and that the number of inhabited cities at that time reached in total 20,000.[12]
His kingdom consisted probably of Egypt only, as far as the First Cataract, but to this he added Cyprus, and his influence was great in Cyrene, Libya.[4] In his fourth year (c. 567 BCE), Amasis was able to defeat an invasion of Egypt by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar II; henceforth, the Babylonians experienced sufficient difficulties controlling their empire that they were forced to abandon future attacks against Amasis.[13] However, Amasis was later faced with a more formidable enemy with the rise of Persia under Cyrus who ascended to the throne in 559 BCE; his final years were preoccupied by the threat of the impending Persian onslaught against Egypt.[14] With great strategic skill, Cyrus had destroyed Lydia in 546 BCE and finally defeated the Babylonians in 538 BCE which left Amasis with no major Near Eastern allies to counter Persia's increasing military might.[14] Amasis reacted by cultivating closer ties with the Greek states to counter the future Persian invasion into Egypt but was fortunate to have died in 526 BCE shortly before the Persians attacked.[14] The final assault instead fell upon his son Psamtik III, whom the Persians defeated in 525 BCE after he had reigned for only six months.[15]
Tomb and desecration
Amasis II died in 526 BC. He was buried at the royal necropolis of Sais, and while his tomb has never been discovered, Herodotus describes it for us:
[It is] a great cloistered building of stone, decorated with pillars carved in the imitation of palm-trees, and other costly ornaments. Within the cloister is a chamber with double doors, and behind the doors stands the sepulchre.[16]
Herodotus also relates the desecration of Ahmose II/Amasis' mummy when the Persian king Cambyses conquered Egypt and thus ended the 26th (Saite) Dynasty:
[N]o sooner did [... Cambyses] enter the palace of Amasis that he gave orders for his [Amasis's] body to be taken from the tomb where it lay. This done, he proceeded to have it treated with every possible indignity, such as beating it with whips, sticking it with goads, and plucking its hairs. [... A]s the body had been embalmed and would not fall to pieces under the blows, Cambyses had it burned.[17]
Later reputation
From the fifth century BCE, there is evidence of stories circulating about Amasis, in Egyptian sources (including a demotic papyrus of the third century BCE), Herodotus, Hellanikos, and Plutarch's Convivium Septem Sapientium. 'In those tales Amasis was presented as a non-conventional Pharaoh, behaving in ways unbecoming to a king but gifted with practical wisdom and cunning, a trickster on the throne or a kind of comic Egyptian Solomon' 
savenije 
243 I868165    Ambrosius  About 610  Date unknown  Bf. v. Cahors
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
244 I819075    Amelung I.  About 750  Date unknown  Urkunde 811
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
245 I819069    Amelung II.  About 805  Date unknown  machte um 837 in Rimbeck im sächsischen Hessen an Corvey eine Stiftung, 846 tot
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
246 I796950    Amenemhet  About -1452  Date unknown  Kronprinz, Aufseher der Rinder 1443, stirbt vor dem Vater  savenije 
247 I796908    Amenemope  -1035  Date unknown  Hohepriester des Amun in Theben  savenije 
248 I822722    Amenhotep  Date unknown  Date unknown  Soldat, Vorsteher der Rekruten  savenije 
249 I822806    Amenhotep  Date unknown  Date unknown  vielleicht Sohn Amenhoteps II.  savenije 
250 I822943    Amenhotep  About -1165  Date unknown  Hohepriester des Amun in Theben vor 1117-um 1093  savenije 
251 I822724    Amenhotep  About -1385  Date unknown  "großer Haushofmeister des Königs zu Memphis"  savenije 
252 I822799    Amenhotep  About -1417  Date unknown  Sem-Priestes des Ptah in Memphis, wohl ursprünglich der Thornfolger starb er vor dem Vater  savenije 
253 I822954    Amenirdis  About -770  Date unknown  Gottesgemahlin des Amun in Theben um 740-720  savenije 
254 I794217    Amenmesse  About -1225  Date unknown  Tal der Könige (KV10)  savenije 
255 I835852    Amenmose  About -1305  Date unknown  Bürgermeister v. Theben  savenije 
256 I822663    Amenwahsu  Date unknown  Date unknown  Schreiber der Königlichen Tafel  savenije 
257 I868840    Amerna  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
258 I837707    Amlawdd  About 425  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
259 I817823    Amnia Demetrias  About 245  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
260 I792525    Amnius Anicius Iulianus  About 265  Date unknown  Proconsul Africae um 297, consul II. 322, praefectus urbi 13.11.326 bis 07.09.329
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
261 I817818    Amnius Manius Caesonius Nicomachus Anicius Paulinus  About 295  Date unknown  cos. 334, PUR 334-5
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
262 I826024    Amnon  Date unknown  Date unknown  ermordet vom Bruder Absalom  savenije 
263 I826024    Amnon  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
264 I825970    Amphion  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
265 I838886    Amram  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
266 I850049    Amulius  Date unknown  Date unknown  König v. Alba Longa 796-754  savenije 
267 I793628    Amulrada  About 970  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
268 I822591    Amunherchepeschef  About -1286  Date unknown  Wedelträger zur Rechten des Königs, Erbe und Kronprinz, Königlicher Schreiber, General, Befehlshaber der Truppen, wirklicher Vertrauter  savenije 
269 I822777    Amunmose  About -1497  Date unknown  Kronprinz  savenije 
270 I821619    Amýntas  About -375  Date unknown  makedonischer Adeliger, befehligt 334 eine Phalanx  savenije 
271 I796888    Ana  About -945  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
272 I843553    Anani  About -455  Date unknown  Prinz von Israel um 425-405
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
273 I850870    Ananias  About -160  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
274 I842073    Anastasia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
275 I817980    Anastasia  About 352  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
276 I842077    Anastasia  About 500  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
277 I820646    Anastasia Aerobinda  About 570  Date unknown  unsicher
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
278 I816840    Anastasius  About 530  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
279 I825863    Anaxo  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
280 I824909    Ancharia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
281 I825879    Anchinoe  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
282 I822883    Anchnesneferibre  About -600  Date unknown  Gottesgemahlin des Amun in Theben 595-525, Hohepriesterin des Amun in Theben 595-560  savenije 
283 I844982    Ancus Marcius  -675  Date unknown  4. König v. Rom 640-616
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
284 I833658    Andreas  About 640  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
285 I825865    Andromeda  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
286 I822824    Anen  About -1385  Date unknown  2. Prophet des Amun  savenije 
287 I837293    Angas  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
288 I30918    Angila  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
289 I792526    Anicia  About 270  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
290 I792512    Anicia  About 360  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
291 I817816    Anicia Faltonia Proba  About 355  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
292 I817814    Anicia Iuliana  About 380  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
293 I817808    Anicia Iuliana  462  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
294 I825271    Anicia Proba  About 380  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
295 I818095    Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus  About 395  Date unknown  PUR um 42, 425 u. 425/37, cos. 438
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
296 I792521    Anicius Auchenius Bassus  About 320  Date unknown  Proconsul von Campanien 379, praefectus urbis 382
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
297 I817815    Anicius Auchenius Bassus  About 355  Date unknown  cos. 408
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
298 I817822    Anicius Faustus  About 240  Date unknown  cos. II. 298, PUR 299-300
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
299 I794398    Anicius Faustus Paulinus  About 185  Date unknown  cos. suff. 220/25, Legat in Moesia inferior 225/30
Religion: rèom. 
savenije 
300 I817811    Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius  About 375  Date unknown  cos. 395
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
301 I817809    Anicius Olybrius  About 470  Date unknown  ()  savenije 
302 I817809    Anicius Olybrius  About 470  Date unknown  c.p. 476/83, PPo It. 503
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
303 I817805    Anicius Olybrius  About 480  Date unknown  cos. 491
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
304 I825132    Anicius Petronius Probinus  About 374  Date unknown  cos. 395
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
305 I817813    Anicius Probus  About 405  Date unknown  praet. 424, v. ill. 459
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
306 I817810    Anicius Probus  About 435  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
307 I825129    Anicius Probus  About 435  Date unknown  v.c.
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
308 I817797    Anicius Probus  About 495  Date unknown  cos. 525 ()
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
309 I838128    Anicius Probus Faustus  About 450  Date unknown  cos. 490, PPO It. 509
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
310 I822918    Ankhefensekhmet  About -1005  Date unknown  Hohepriester des Ptah in Memphis um 960-940  savenije 
311 I837649    Anlach  About 403  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
312 I817122    Anna  Date unknown  Saturday 20 June 1705  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
313 I820416    Anna  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1473
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
314 I829912    Anna  Date unknown  Date unknown  Sophienkirche  savenije 
315 I829912    Anna  Date unknown  Date unknown  Saint
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
316 I847827    Anna  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 944 Witwe
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
317 I875905    Anna  Date unknown  After 1568  Urkunde 1568
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
318 I825452    Annaea  About 55  Date unknown  unsicher, vielleicht Verwandte des Dichters Seneca
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
319 I832752    Anne  About 930  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
320 I824921    Annia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
321 I857571    Annia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
322 I834907    Annia  About 92  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
323 I825610    Annia  About 93  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
324 I835452    Annia  About 255  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
325 I870950    Annia Aurelia Cornificia  About 210  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
326 I834869    Annia Aurelia Faustina  About 185  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
327 I870953    Annia Aurelia Flavia Archelais  About 230  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
328 I816951    Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla  Saturday 07 March 150  181  jüngere Zwillingsschwester des Gemellus  savenije 
329 I816951    Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla  Saturday 07 March 150  181  hingerichtet  savenije 
330 I816951    Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla  Saturday 07 March 150  181  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
331 I834905    Annia Cornificia Faustina  122  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
332 I834945    Annia Faustina  About 165  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
333 I825611    Annia Fundantia Faustina  About 120  Date unknown  ermordet auf Befel Ks. Commodus  savenije 
334 I825611    Annia Fundantia Faustina  About 120  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
335 I834888    Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina  About 151  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
336 I816733    Annia Galeria Faustina  About 100  Date unknown  21.9.  savenije 
337 I816733    Annia Galeria Faustina  About 100  Date unknown  vor 24.10.  savenije 
338 I816733    Annia Galeria Faustina  About 100  Date unknown  Hadriansmausoleum  savenije 
339 I816733    Annia Galeria Faustina  About 100  Date unknown  Augusta 138
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
340 I816832    Annia Galeria Faustina Minor  About 128  176  16.2.  savenije 
341 I816832    Annia Galeria Faustina Minor  About 128  176  Kappadokien  savenije 
342 I816832    Annia Galeria Faustina Minor  About 128  176  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
343 I825293    Annia VIbia Faustina  About 120  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
344 I857574    Annius  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
345 I834375    Annius Plautius  About -35  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
346 I834375    Annius Plautius  About -35  Date unknown  cos. suff. 1 BCE .
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
347 I434109    Ansbert  About 520  Date unknown  Senator
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
348 I832187    Anselm I.  About 860  Date unknown  Urkunde 911 (unsicher)
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
349 I816340    Ansfled  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
350 I831366    Ansfride  Date unknown  Date unknown  Witwe des Anskill
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
351 I30552    Ansprand  About 657  Date unknown  Herzog v. Asti 688, König der Langobarden als Reichsverweser 712, Gründer der Hadrianskapelle in Pavia, Vormund des Königs Liutpert, floh beim Machtantritt Ariperts II. ins bayrische Exil, während seine Familie in die Hände Ariperts fiel. Seinem ältesten Sohn wurden die Augen ausgestochen, seiner Frau Theodorada und seiner Schwester Aurona ließ Aripert Nase und Ohren abschneiden; nur den jüngsten Sohn, Liutprand, ließ er nach Bayern entkommen. Nach 9-jährigem Exil kehrte er mit einem bayrischen Heer zurück und wurde für drei Monate König.
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
352 I30552    Ansprand  About 657  Date unknown  Ansprand (auch Asprand; * 660/661; † 712) war im Jahr 712 König der Langobarden.
Leben
Nach dem Tod des Königs Cunincpert im Jahr 700 wurde Ansprand Regent für dessen minderjährigen Sohn und Thronfolger Liutpert.[1] Dagegen erhob sich acht Monate nach dem Tod Cunincperts Raginpert, der Herzog von Turin, der sich gegen Ansprand in der Schlacht von Novara durchsetzen konnte. Zwar starb Raginpert bereits 701, doch wurde daraufhin dessen Sohn Aripert II. König.[2]
In der Schlacht bei Ticinum (Pavia) besiegte Aripert II. das Heer König Liutperts unter Ansprand, Ato, Tatzo, Rotharit und Farao, nahm Liutpert gefangen.[2] Ansprand floh zunächst auf die Isola Comacina, eine Insel im Comersee, wo er sich verschanzte. Als Ariperts Heer anrückte floh Ansprand über Clavenna (Chiavenna), den Splügenpass[3] und Curia (Chur) zu Theudebert[4] an den bairischen Hof.[5] Der junge Liutpert wurde 703 von Aripert als potenzieller Thronrivalen ermordet.[6] Ansprands Familie wurde verstümmelt: Seinem Sohn Sigiprand wurden die Augen ausgestochen, seiner Frau Theodora und seiner Tochter Aurona wurden Nase und Ohren abgeschnitten, lediglich Ansprands kleiner Sohn Liutprand durfte zu seinem Vater ins Exil.[7]
Der bairische Herzog Theudebert, wie die langobardischen Könige ein Agilolfinger, beherbergte Ansprand neun Jahre im Exil und unterstützte ihn nach Kräften. 712 stellte er ihm ein Heer zur Verfügung, mit dem Ansprand über die Alpen zog.[8] Bei Pavia kam es zur Schlacht mit Ariperts Heer. Diese war offenbar noch nicht entschieden, da setzte sich Aripert abends von seinem Heer ab, um die Nacht im Palast zu verbringen. Das Heer fühlte sich verraten und meuterte. Aripert floh aus Pavia und ertrank im Ticinus, den er mit Schätzen beladen durchschwimmen wollte. Ansprand konnte seine Nachfolge unangefochten antreten.[9] Er überlebte seinen Sieg über Aripert aber nur um drei Monate. In einigen Manuscripten der Origo Gentis Langobardorum wurde eine Herrschaftsdauer von drei Jahren überliefert.[10]
Nachfolger wurde sein Sohn Liutprand. 
savenije 
353 I818081    Anteia  About 15  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
354 I834383    Anteia  About 60  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
355 I823085    Anthemius  About 370  Date unknown  Comes sacrarum larg. 400, mag.officiorum 404, praef.praet. im Osten 405-414, Cos. 405
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
356 I832534    Anthemius  About 452  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
357 I835441    Anthousa  About 410  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
358 I835439    Anthousa  About 430  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
359 I843563    Antigone  About -340  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
360 I825961    Antioche  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
361 I835447    Antiochos  About 385  Date unknown  dux Phoeniciae
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
362 I825972    Antiope  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
363 I816953    Antipatros I.  About -145  Date unknown  Stratege um 108 (Vorfahren zweifelhaft)
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
364 I816810    Antistia  About -100  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
365 I825371    Antistia  About -170  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
366 I825818    Antonia  About 80  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
367 I835058    Antonia  About 140  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
368 I835025    Antonia  About 250  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
369 I835075    Antonia Caenis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Konkubine, trat aber bei öffentlichen Auftritten wie eine Ehefrau Vespasians auf
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
370 I838069    Antonia Callisto  About 150  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
371 I841987    Antonia Furnilla  About 20  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
372 I824870    Antonia Hybrida  About -70  Date unknown  44-37 verlobt mit Lepidus
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
373 I824877    Antonia Maior  -39  Date unknown  August/September  savenije 
374 I824877    Antonia Maior  -39  Date unknown  n. Chr.  savenije 
375 I824877    Antonia Maior  -39  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
376 I818015    Antonia Marcianilla  About 340  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
377 I824878    Antonia Minor  -31 January 36  Date unknown  Sept./Okt.  savenije 
378 I824878    Antonia Minor  -31 January 36  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
379 I825853    Antonia Sedata  About 25  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
380 I818018    Antonius Marcellinus  About 265  Date unknown  praeses Lugd. prim. 313
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
381 I818017    Antonius Marcellinus  About 295  Date unknown  PPO It. 340, cos. 341
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
382 I818016    Antonius Marcellinus  About 315  Date unknown  vir consularis
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
383 I816908    Antonius Plautius  About -90  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
384 I816908    Antonius Plautius  About -90  Date unknown  praet. 51
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
385 I825851    Antonius Sospes  About 45  Date unknown  Redner in Korinth
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
386 I850054    Aollius  About -750  Date unknown  starb fünf Monate vor seinem Vater Romulus  savenije 
387 I840665    Aphrodite  Date unknown  Date unknown  wurde aus dem Samen ihres Vaters und dem Meer geboren  savenije 
388 I825953    Apihdas  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
389 I849327    Apollinaris  About 300  Date unknown  Praefekt in Gallien 337/40
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
390 I849322    Apollinaris  About 380  Date unknown  PPO Galliarum 408/9, trat als erster der Familie zum Christentum über
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
391 I849323    Apollinaris  About 402  Date unknown  besaß ein Landgut bei Nimes (Vorocingus), das an das des Tonantius Ferreolus angrenzte, nach 469 lebte er mit seinem Bruder Simplicius in Vaison, 474 wurde er von Chilperich beschuldigt, zugunsten des Ks. Iulius Nepos gewirkt zu haben
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
392 I825960    Apollon  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
393 I842126    Appia Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla  About 125  Date unknown  Priesterin der Demeter
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
394 I834941    Appia Severa  About 55  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
395 I835036    Appia Suetria Sabina  About 200  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
396 I835040    Appia Veturia Aurelia Coeciva Sabinilla  About 150  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
397 I842127    Appius Annius Gallus  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
398 I835026    Appius Caecina Suetrius Sabinus  About 215  Date unknown  consularis vir
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
399 I825418    Appius Claudius Caecus  About -340  Date unknown  quaest. um 316, curul. aedil I. um 313, cens. 316, cos. I. 307, curul. aedil II. um 305, interrex 298, praet. I. vor 297, cos. II. 296, praet. II. 295, dictator 292-285, Erbauer der Via Appia un der Aqua Appia, berühmter Jurist u. Redner
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
400 I825420    Appius Claudius Crassus  About -400  Date unknown  dict. 362, cos. 349
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
401 I825422    Appius Claudius Crassus  About -460  Date unknown  Konsulartribun 424
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
402 I825423    Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus  About -500  Date unknown  Selbstmord  savenije 
403 I825423    Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus  About -500  Date unknown  cos. 471 u. 451, Xvir consulari imperio legibus scribendis 451-449
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
404 I825424    Appius Claudius Crassus Sabinus Inregillensis  About -530  After -495  Appius Claudius Ap. f. M. n. Sabinus Regillensis (or Inregillensis),[i] was a member of the great patrician house of the Claudii at Ancient Rome. He held the consulship in 471 BC.[2]
Family
Appius was the son of Attius Clausus, a wealthy Sabine merchant who emigrated to Rome with a large following in 504 BC, and was admitted to the patriciate under the name of Appius Claudius Sabinus.[3][4][5] The elder Claudius became a senator, and held the consulship in 495; he distinguished himself as the leading figure in the aristocratic party, and the fiercest opponent of the plebeians. He had at least two sons: Appius, the consul of 471, and Gaius, who was consul in 460.[2]
The younger Appius is usually regarded as the father of Appius Claudius Crassus, the decemvir, and is so described by both Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. However, in the Capitoline Fasti, the decemvir is described as consul for the second time in BC 451 (before he resigned to join the decemvirate), and is given the filiation Ap. f. M. n., explicitly identifying him with the consul of 471.[2][6][7]
If the two men were the same, instead of father and son, then the decemvir must have been an older man, since he had been a candidate for the consulship in 482, and was thus probably born before 510 BC; but Livy calls Appius the youngest of the decemvirs, and he is generally supposed to have been the father of Appius Claudius Crassus, consular tribune in 424 BC.[8] In addition, Appius, the consul of 471, was well known for his severity and hatred of the plebeians; while Appius the decemvir was thought to be mild and fair toward the plebeians, until his true nature was revealed during the second year of the decemvirate. The matter cannot be definitively answered at this time.[2]
Career
Appius was a candidate for the consulship of 482 BC, but his election was blocked by the tribunes of the plebs.[9] Nine years later, the patricians succeeded in electing him consul, with the goal of preventing the law proposed by the tribune Volero Publilius, transferring the election of the tribunes of the plebs from the comitia curiata to the comitia tributa.[ii] Appius' colleague was Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus.
On the day appointed for the election, the consuls, a number of senators of consular rank, and other members of the Roman aristocracy attempted to block the passage of the law. Gaius Laetorius, one of the tribunes, who had unwisely harangued Appius and his family the previous day, and vowed with his life to see the law carried through, ordered the patricians to depart so that the plebeians could vote on the matter. When Appius refused to budge and argued that Laetorius had used the wrong legal formula to dismiss his opponents, Laetorius demanded his removal by force. Appius in turn sent a lictor to arrest the tribune, but the crowd protected him and turned on Appius, who was hurried out of the Forum at his colleague's urging.[12]
The next day, Quinctius, who had helped settle the crowd and managed to have the matter postponed until passions had calmed, urged the Senate to defer to the people, as the stand off between the patricians and plebeians over this issue was threatening the state itself. Appius argued that this course of action amounted to cowardice, and that the Senate was submitting itself to oppression by the plebeians. But Quinctius' argument carried the day and the Senate agreed to allow the passage of the lex Publilia.[13]
Later in the year, Appius was given command of a Roman army, and sent to fight the Volsci. Stung by his defeat at the hands of the tribunes, the consul was determined to subject his army to the harshest discipline. But his disrespect for the plebeians was so notorious that his soldiers were openly insubordinate and disobedient. They refused to attack the enemy, instead retreating to their camp, and only turning against the Volscian forces when they were attacked themselves. His officers dissuaded Appius from taking immediate action against the soldiers, but the army was attacked again and fell into disarray as it left the camp.[14][15]
After reaching the safety of Roman territory, Appius gathered the remnants of his army, and ordered that all of the soldiers who had lost their equipment or standards, and all of the officers who had deserted their posts should be flogged and beheaded. He then punished the remainder of the army with decimation, the earliest instance of this particular punishment occurring in Roman history.[16][15][17]
In 470 BC, Appius opposed the agrarian law originally proposed by Spurius Cassius Viscellinus, and was summoned to answer for his conduct by the plebeian tribunes, Marcus Duilius and Gnaeus Siccius. At his trial, Appius had the full support of the Senate, which viewed him as the champion of the aristocratic order. He replied to the charges with such pride, vigour and contempt that "one might have thought that he was prosecuting his accusers rather than defending himself against them."[18] Uncertain how to proceed, the tribunes adjourned the trial. However, Appius fell ill and died before it could before it could be resumed.[iii] A eulogy was given, which the tribunes attempted to prevent. But here popular opinion was against them, so great was Appius' majesty that thousands attended his funeral and listened to the words spoken in praise of their enemy. 
savenije 
405 I825544    Appius Claudius Nero  About -170  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
406 I825546    Appius Claudius Nero  About -235  Date unknown  quaest. 195
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
407 I817004    Appius Claudius Pulcher  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
408 I825375    Appius Claudius Pulcher  About -35  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
409 I825375    Appius Claudius Pulcher  About -35  Date unknown  IIIvir monet. um 11 BCE .
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
410 I824908    Appius Claudius Pulcher  About -75  Date unknown  cos. 38
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
411 I824966    Appius Claudius Pulcher  About -97  -48  leg. 72, 71-70, aug. 63, praet. de de repetundis 57, promag. Sardinia 56, cos. 54, proscos. 53-51, cens. 50, procos. Grec. 49
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
412 I825363    Appius Claudius Pulcher  About 120  Date unknown  cos. suff.
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
413 I825367    Appius Claudius Pulcher  About -139  Date unknown  quaest. 99, aedil um 91, praet. 89, cos. 79, interrex 78, procos. Maced. 77-76
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
414 I825368    Appius Claudius Pulcher  About -185  Date unknown  cos. 143, cens. u. princeps senatus 136, IIIvir agris dividendis 133-130, salier u. Aug.
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
415 I825416    Appius Claudius Pulcher  About -255  Date unknown  aedil 217, rtrib. mil. 216, praet. Sicilia 215, propraet 214-213, cos. 212, procos. 211
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
416 I817049    Appuleia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
417 I835101    Apronia  About 7  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
418 I835101    Apronia  About 7  Date unknown  von ihrem Mann aus dem Fenster geworfen  savenije 
419 I835101    Apronia  About 7  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
420 I838101    Aquilia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
421 I834414    Aquilia  About 100  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
422 I825623    Aquilia  About 110  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
423 I825645    Aquilia  About 112  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
424 I834401    Aquilia  About 115  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
425 I835007    Aquilia Blaesilla  About 90  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
426 I825437    Aquilia Nigrina  About 115  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
427 I792503    Aquilinus  About 430  Date unknown  consularis vir in Lyon
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
428 I834432    Aquilius  About -275  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
429 I834428    Aquilius Gallus  About -165  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
430 I834430    Aquilius Gallus  About -190  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
431 I849312    Araneola  About 440  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
432 I824832    Arcadia  Monday 03 April 400  Date unknown  weihte sich dem jungfräulichen Leben
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
433 I824835    Arcadius  About 430  Date unknown  jung  savenije 
434 I824835    Arcadius  About 430  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
435 I825954    Arcas  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
436 I825470    Archedamis  About -75  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
437 I821698    Archelaos  About -75  Date unknown  Hoheprister in Comana/Kappadokien 55-51 (abgesetzt)
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
438 I821696    Archelaos  About -100  Date unknown  Jan./Febr.  savenije 
439 I821696    Archelaos  About -100  Date unknown  Hohepriester in Comana/Kappadokien  savenije 
440 I822554    Archelaos  About -120  Date unknown  Religion: pag  savenije 
441 I819013    Ardabur  About 420  471  im Kaiserpalast ermordet  savenije 
442 I819013    Ardabur  About 420  471  cos., magister militum per orientem und Patricius
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
443 I816687    Ardarich  Date unknown  Date unknown  König d. Gepiden um 450
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
444 I835920    Arechis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
445 I16670    Aremburge  About 877  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
446 I869386    Aremburgis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
447 I816652    Areobindus  About 485  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
448 I824773    Areobindus  About 510  Date unknown  Senator, General
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
449 I825901    Ares  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
450 I793149    Argentael  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
451 I857364    Arignote  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
452 I822371    Arioald  Date unknown  Date unknown  König d. Langobarden 626-636
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
453 I846198    Ariobia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
454 I825997    Ariphron  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
455 I825998    Ariphron  About -488  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
456 I868291    Arkil  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
457 I868293    Arkil  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
458 I835446    Armenius  About 245  Date unknown  nobilis vir aus Kappadokien, Nachkomme des Orestes
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
459 I835445    Armenius  About 275  Date unknown  comes Aegyptiae 303/6
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
460 I849305    Armentaria  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
461 I796837    Arnan  About -430  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
462 I823165    Arrecina Clementina  About 12  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
463 I824862    Arrecina Tertulla  About 40  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
464 I837882    Arrecinus  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
465 I834387    Arria  About 5  Date unknown  Selbstmord  savenije 
466 I834387    Arria  About 5  Date unknown  Stoikerin, als ihr Mann bei dem vom Kaiser verordneten Selbstmord zögerte, nahm sie den Dolch, stieß ihn sich in die Brust und gab ihn mit den Worten "Paete, non dolet (Paetus, es schmerzt nicht)" an ihren Mann zurück. Diese durch Plinius überlieferte Tat begründete ihren Ruhm.
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
467 I834385    Arria  About 20  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
468 I823141    Arria Caesennia Paulina  About 120  Date unknown  dom.figl. 138/161  savenije 
469 I816736    Arria Fadilla  About 65  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
470 I834440    Arria Plaria Vera Priscilla  About 65  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
471 I842110    Arria Sabina  About 55  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
472 I834303    Arriana  About 410  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
473 I816872    Arrius  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
474 I869114    Arsaber  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
475 I832764    Arsende  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
476 I816593    Artabanos  About 515  Date unknown  mag. mil., 538/39 Fst.; emigriert 542 nach Byzanz, mag. mil. Afr. 546, mag. mil. in Thrakien 550-554
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
477 I31174    Artabastos  About 611  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
478 I817944    Artemia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
479 I817942    Artemia  About 370  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
480 I792500    Artemia  About 485  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
481 I794405    Artemidoros  About -20  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
482 I794405    Artemidoros  About -20  Date unknown  vornehmer Galater  savenije 
483 I870911    Artemidorus  About 50  Date unknown  syrischer Philosoph
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
484 I825820    Artemisia  About 50  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
485 I841993    Artoria  About -30  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
486 I841993    Artoria  About -30  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
487 I816259    Arycan  Date unknown  Date unknown  Rumänin
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
488 I826039    Asael  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
489 I841273    Ascala  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1142
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
490 I822131    Ascarius  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
491 I30866    Aschken  About 260  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
492 I817853    Asclepias  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
493 I824804    Asclepiodotus  Date unknown  Date unknown  cos. 423
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
494 I817958    Ascyla  About 354  Date unknown  enthauptet  savenije 
495 I817958    Ascyla  About 354  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
496 I822919    Ashakhet  About -1030  Date unknown  Hohepriester des Ptah in Memphis um 990-960  savenije 
497 I833884    Ashanoush  About 605  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
498 I843706    Ashi  About 395  Date unknown  Rosh Yeshiva in Sura
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
499 I30867    Ashkhadar  About 240  Date unknown  König d. Alanen in Ossetien  savenije 
500 I819066    Asig I.  About 780  Date unknown  Graf im fränkischen und sächsischen Hessengau vor 836, 843
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
501 I824617    Asig II.  About 805  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
502 I825594    Asinia  About 215  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
503 I835091    Asinia  About 220  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
504 I794400    Asinia Iuliana Nicomacha  About 215  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
505 I824895    Asinia Polla  About 120  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
506 I834316    Asinia Praetextata  About 220  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
507 I825481    Asinius Pollio  About 100  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
508 I832395    Aslaug  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: nord.  savenije 
509 I825903    Asopos  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
510 I825991    Aspasia  About -470  About -410  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
511 I837414    Asruth  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
512 I835444    Asterius  About 310  Date unknown  comes Armeniae 350/7
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
513 I31184    Athanagild  About 515  567  König d. Westgoten als Gegekönig 551, allein ab 555
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
514 I31176    Athanagild  About 580  Date unknown  lebt im Exil in Byzanz
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
515 I811485    Athanarich  About 320  Wednesday 21 January 381  Fst. der Terwingen (Westgoten) vor 346, 366 vom Stammesrat zum Richterkönig gewählt
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
516 I849413    Athanasius  About 535  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
517 I823072    Athaulf  About 380  August 415  ermordet  savenije 
518 I823072    Athaulf  About 380  August 415  König d. Westgoten 410-415
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
519 I823521    Athelaise  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
520 I825836    Athenagoras I.  About -220  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
521 I825835    Athenagoras II.  About -185  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
522 I816667    Athenais  About 405  Wednesday 20 October 460  Stephanuskirche  savenije 
523 I816667    Athenais  About 405  Wednesday 20 October 460  Dichterin, Mitkaiserin 423-439, lebt ab 443 in Jerusalem, dort Erbauerin der Stephanuskirche
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
524 I850886    Athronges  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
525 I816823    Atia Balba  About -88  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
526 I824963    Atilia  About -90  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
527 I842128    Atilia Caucidia Tertulla  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
528 I834475    Atilia Sabina  About 40  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
529 I817138    Atius Balbus  About -140  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
530 I825897    Atlas  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
531 I835093    Attica  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
532 I849314    Attica  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
533 I870956    Attidia Praetextata  About 198  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
534 I816689    Attila  About 396  Date unknown  Blutsturz in der Hochzeitsnacht mit Hildico  savenije 
535 I816689    Attila  About 396  Date unknown  König d. Hunnen 434 (gemeinsam mit Bruder Bleda), allein 445, zwang 448 Ostrom zu einer jährlichen Zwangsabgabe, drang 451 über den Rhein bis zur Loire vor, wurde aber auf den Katalaunischen Feldern bei Troyes von Aetius besiegt. Von einem Vorstoß auf Rom sah Attila daraufhin ab (wegen Seuchengefahr im Heer, angeblich auf Eingreifen von Papst Leo I.). Die Zahl seiner Söhne geht in die zwei Dutzend, die Mütter sind meist nicht sicher zuzuordnen; nach seinem Tod in der Hochzeitsnacht mit (der Germanin ) Hildico im pannonischen Standlager zerfiel sein Reich.
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
536 I850040    Atys  Date unknown  Date unknown  König v. Alba Longa 991-965  savenije 
537 I835046    Auchenia Bassa  About 285  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
538 I822309    Audovera  About 535  Date unknown  ermordet  savenije 
539 I822309    Audovera  About 535  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
540 I792571    Auduin  About 511  Date unknown  König d. Langobarden 548, Zuordnung der Ehefrauen unsicher
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
541 I792562    Augin  About 450  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
542 I841997    Aulus Antonius Rufus  About 0  Date unknown  cos.suff. 45
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
543 I825072    Aulus Atilius Serranus  About -232  Date unknown  aedil 194, praet. 192, PUR 173, promag. 172, leg. 172 u. 171, cos. 170
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
544 I834388    Aulus Caecina  About -25  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
545 I834388    Aulus Caecina  About -25  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
546 I834391    Aulus Caecina  About -95  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
547 I834392    Aulus Caecina  About -120  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
548 I834390    Aulus Caecina Largus  About -70  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
549 I834386    Aulus Caecina Paetus  About 0  Date unknown  Selbstmord  savenije 
550 I834386    Aulus Caecina Paetus  About 0  Date unknown  cos. suff. 37, wird nach einer aufgedeckten Verschwörung gegen Kaiser Claudius zum Selbstmord gezwungen
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
551 I834389    Aulus Caecina Severus  About -45  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
552 I834389    Aulus Caecina Severus  About -45  Date unknown  n. Chr.  savenije 
553 I834389    Aulus Caecina Severus  About -45  Date unknown  cos. suff. 1 BCE ., procos. Afr.
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
554 I835027    Aulus Caecina Tacitus  About 195  Date unknown  cos. um 230, PUR um 250
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
555 I835024    Aulus Caecina Tacitus  About 240  Date unknown  cos. 273, procos. Baet. Ende 3 Jh.
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
556 I841991    Aulus Caepio Crispinus  About -25  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
557 I841991    Aulus Caepio Crispinus  About -25  Date unknown  n. Chr.  savenije 
558 I841991    Aulus Caepio Crispinus  About -25  Date unknown  quaest. in Bithynien 16
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
559 I825640    Aulus Egnatius Priscilianus  About 135  Date unknown  Philosoph
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
560 I842122    Aulus Egrilius Rufus  About 55  Date unknown  II v. aus Ostia
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
561 I838079    Aulus Iulius  About 5  Date unknown  n. Chr.  savenije 
562 I838079    Aulus Iulius  About 5  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
563 I836560    Aulus Iulius  About 120  Date unknown  adeliger Epheser
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
564 I842111    Aulus Larcius Gallus  About 15  Date unknown  (röm.) Ritter aus Antium, Etrusker
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
565 I842105    Aulus Larcius Lepidus  About 105  Date unknown  cos.suff. 144
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
566 I842109    Aulus Larcius Quirinus Lepidus Sulpicianus  About 40  Date unknown  um 67/68 quaest. propraet. prov. Cretae et Cyrenarum, leg. imp. Vespasiani Caes.Aug.leg. X Fredensis 70, erhielt im jüdischen Krieg die dona militaria, tr. pl. und Legat von Pontus-Bithynien, wo er starb
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
567 I842107    Aulus Larcius Quirinus Priscus  About 72  Date unknown  quaest. prov. Asiae, leg. Aug. leg. IV. Scythicae, stellvertretender Legat von Syrien, tr.pl., praet, praef. frumenti dandi, leg. prov. Baeticae Hispan., procos. prov. Galliae Narb., leg. Aug. leg. II. Augustae, leg. Aug. pr.pr. exercitus Africani, cos. suff. 110
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
568 I824980    Aulus Manlius Capitolinus  About -430  Date unknown  Consulartribun 389, 387, 383 u. 370
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
569 I824970    Aulus Manlius Torquatus  About -245  Date unknown  trib. mil. 208
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
570 I824981    Aulus Manlius Vulso Capitolinus  About -445  Date unknown  Consulartribun 405, 402 u. 395
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
571 I824982    Aulus Manlius Vulso Capitolinus  About -470  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
572 I834371    Aulus Plautius  About 55  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
573 I825256    Aulus Postumius Tubertus  About -490  Date unknown  dic. 431
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
574 I853555    Aulus VItellius  About -12  Date unknown  cos.suff. 32
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
575 I824950    Aulus VItellius Germanicus  Thursday 24 September 15  Sunday 22 December 69  cos. 48, procos. Africae 60/61, Ks. 2.1.69, am 20.12.69 unter der Führung des Antonius Primus aus dem Kaiseramt gejagd, öffentlich vorgeführt, am Haken durch Rom geschleift und tot in den Tiber geworfen
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
576 I823082    Aunemundus  About 470  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
577 I870795    Aunulf  About 642  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
578 I838118    Aurelia  About 145  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
579 I834994    Aurelia  About 170  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
580 I834963    Aurelia  About 265  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
581 I839330    Aurelia  About 365  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
582 I816827    Aurelia Cotta  About -130  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
583 I816731    Aurelia Fadilla  About 116  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
584 I835019    Aurelia Iovina  About 300  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
585 I816757    Aurelia Pompeiana  About 210  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
586 I816831    Aurelia Vera  About 166  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
587 I849291    Aurelianus  About 470  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
588 I834964    Aurelius  About 235  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
589 I832504    Aurelius  About 690  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
590 I816734    Aurelius Fulvus  About 60  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
591 I870583    Aurona  About 682  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
592 I832761    Ausenda  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
593 I822307    Austregilde  548  Date unknown  Magd seiner Frau Marcatrud
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
594 I792605    Austregilde-Agia  About 530  Date unknown  Saint
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
595 I792546    Austrigusa  About 490  Date unknown  Gepidin
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
596 I822367    Authari  About 560  Sunday 05 September 590  vergiftet  savenije 
597 I822367    Authari  About 560  Sunday 05 September 590  König d. Langobarden 584-590
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
598 I824653    Ava  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 825
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
599 I837942    Avarius  About 710  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
600 I850046    Aventinus  Date unknown  Date unknown  König v. Alba Longa 856-819  savenije 
601 I816706    Avidia  About 105  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
602 I834933    Avidia Plautia  About 100  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
603 I816651    Aviena  About 520  Date unknown  Abkunft unsicher
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
604 I838647    Awf  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
605 I825999    Axiochos  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
606 I850852    Axiomar  About -910  Date unknown  Mithohepriester in Jerusalem um 875
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
607 I838885    Azariah I.  About -1000  Date unknown  950 der erste Hohepriester im von König Salomo 957-950 erbauten Tempel, amtiert gemeinschaftlich mit seinen Söhnen
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
608 I844293    Azariah II.  About -950  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
609 I850845    Azariah IV.  About -650  Date unknown  Hohepriester in Jerusalem um 600
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
610 I793858    Azeka  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1046 Wwe., 1068 tot
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
611 I837701    Azenor  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
612 I826104    Azrikam  Date unknown  Date unknown  Benjaminite
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
613 I433901    Baba  About 740  Date unknown  Bardonin
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
614 I824825    Baburia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
615 I834344    Bachia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
616 I819084    Bacqlabic  About 880  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
617 I842069    Baduarius  About 525  576  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
618 I837337    Baine  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
619 I822902    Bakenefi  About -825  Date unknown  Regent über das Gebiet von Athribis und Heliopolis um 815-790  savenije 
620 I819008    Bal-Kermak  About 454  Date unknown  posthum  savenije 
621 I819504    Balamber  About 327  Date unknown  König um 370  savenije 
622 I838858    Baosi  Date unknown  Date unknown  ermordet  savenije 
623 I838858    Baosi  Date unknown  Date unknown  Konkubine  savenije 
624 I837410    Baoth  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
625 I838135    Barbara  About 395  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
626 I838132    Barbara  About 420  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
627 I838127    Barbara  About 495  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
628 I838130    Barbaria  About 440  Date unknown  Abkunft der Mutter unsicher
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
629 I833642    Bardanes  About 755  Date unknown  Senator, strategos v. Thracesion, Anatolien, monostrategos des Ostens, dom. scholae, scheitert 803 mit seinem Versuch eines Staatsstreiches gegen Ks. Nikephoros I.
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
630 I871282    Bariq  Date unknown  Date unknown  aus dem Yemen  savenije 
631 I843592    Barsine  Date unknown  Date unknown  Perserin  savenije 
632 I30328    Basena  About 445  Date unknown  Religion: germ.  savenije 
633 I817984    Basilina  About 310  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
634 I819503    Basiq  About 325  Date unknown  König um 370  savenije 
635 I824770    Bassianus  Date unknown  Date unknown  ermordet  savenije 
636 I816761    Bassina  About 172  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
637 I868168    Bassulus  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
638 I882769    Bassus  About 170  Date unknown  ermordet  savenije 
639 I882769    Bassus  About 170  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
640 I856152    Bathe  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
641 I856554    Bathe  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1483
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
642 I796894    Batseba  About -1015  Date unknown  Wwe. des Urija, den David gegen die Ammoniter in den Tod schickte
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
643 I816299    Baudogast  About 340  Date unknown  Franke, magister militum unter Gratian, magister peditum praesentalis 383, cos. 385, Ratgeber Valentians III., 388 tot
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
644 I832096    Bearnoch  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: germ.  savenije 
645 I793663    Beatrix  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
646 I830293    Beatrix  About 1005  Date unknown  Nichte der Herzogin Gunnor v. der Normandie
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
647 I820671    Beaw  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: germ.  savenije 
648 I820677    Bedwig  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: germ.  savenije 
649 I856490    Beke  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1385-1393, 1393 Wwe.
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
650 I822460    Beleke  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
651 I837815    Beli  -132  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
652 I825878    Belos  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
653 I821638    Belsitiche  Date unknown  Before 246  Makedonische Konkubine  savenije 
654 I837416    Beman  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
655 I852131    Benigne  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1349
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
656 I819074    Bennid I.  About 775  Date unknown  erhält 811 von Karl dem Großen eine Rodung im Kaufunger Wald (heute Benterode) bestätigt.
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
657 I819073    Bennid II.  About 830  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
658 I870389    Beorhthere  About 892  Date unknown  Urkunde um 939
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
659 I870390    Beorhtwynn  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 939
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
660 I839262    Berchildis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
661 I837860    Berea  About 120  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
662 I843556    Berechia  About -503  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
663 I870236    Berengar  About 820  Date unknown  Urkunde 853-868 Graf
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
664 I823916    Berengar  About 968  Date unknown  Subdiakon in Mailand
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
665 I823916    Berengar  About 968  Date unknown  Subdiakon in Mailand
Religion: Roman Catholic
 
savenije 
666 I814483    Berta  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1295 tot
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
667 I843282    Berta  About 1100  Date unknown  Urkunde 1172/78 als domina, sie erhält 8 Mark jährlich von Gerhard de Herne: 1172/78: Gerhardus de Herne und seine Frau bestätigen dem Kämmerer Hermann "si annuatim domine Berte matri sue octo marc. non solv erint, centum marc. super portionem domus sue iuxta Renum site".
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
668 I792932    Bertha  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 877-886, im Elsaß reich begütert
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
669 I822401    Bertha  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
670 I823977    Bertha  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
671 I830260    Bertha  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
672 I831211    Bertha  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
673 I832783    Bertha  Date unknown  Date unknown  Mätresse
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
674 I851668    Bertha  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1280
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
675 I852508    Bertha  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
676 I869392    Bertha  Date unknown  Date unknown  26.2.  savenije 
677 I869392    Bertha  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde um 995-1010  savenije 
678 I823918    Bertrada  About 940  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
679 I823918    Bertrada  About 940  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic
 
savenije 
680 I839481    Bertrada  About 1177  Date unknown  Urkunde 1223-1245
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
681 I856173    Bertradis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1336
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
682 I792731    Bertswindana  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 777 tot
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
683 I817872    Betitia  About 300  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
684 I834968    Betitius  About 205  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
685 I834967    Betitius  About 230  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
686 I834962    Betitius  About 255  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
687 I834961    Betitius Perpetuus Arzygius  About 285  Date unknown  corr. Sicil. 312/24
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
688 I792604    Betton  About 525  Date unknown  Adeliger aus Orleans
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
689 I793966    Bia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
690 I843547    Bianca  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
691 I16736    Bilichilde  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
692 I822353    Bilichildis  About 585  Date unknown  ermordet  savenije 
693 I822353    Bilichildis  About 585  Date unknown  wegen angeblicher ehelicher Untreue vom eigenen Ehemann ermordet
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
694 I819081    Bilitrud  Date unknown  Date unknown  Begütert im Büddefeld, beschenkte sie das Kloster Corvey mit Budinaveldan,
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
695 I31134    Bilitrud  About 920  Date unknown  Als Witwe 976 Gründerin des Klosters Bergen bei Neuburg/Donau, dort 1. Äbtissin
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
696 I792570    Bisina  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
697 I857367    Bitale  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
698 I819506    Bleda  About 390  Date unknown  ermordet, im Frühjahr  savenije 
699 I819506    Bleda  About 390  Date unknown  König d. Hunnen 434
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
700 I792498    Blesinde  About 375  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
701 I851625    Blithildis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
702 I851643    Blithildis  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde 1191/93-1231
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
703 I819338    Bo  Date unknown  Date unknown  "Kaiserinwittwe", "große Kaiserinmutter" 157  savenije 
704 I819430    Bo  Date unknown  Date unknown  Kaiserin 157-151 (abgesetzt)  savenije 
705 I794425    Boa  Date unknown  Date unknown  aus Paphlagonien  savenije 
706 I837363    Boann  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
707 I22756    Bodilon  About 585  Date unknown  Adeliger, später (643) Mönch in Mans
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
708 I850860    Boethus  About -105  Date unknown  Hohepriester 37 BCE
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
709 I825800    Boiona Procilla  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
710 I823901    Boso  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
711 I869369    Boso  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
712 I819005    Boyan-Chelbir  About 520  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
713 I792987    Bozena  Date unknown  Date unknown  Konkubine, Frau oder Tochter des Bauern Kresina
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
714 I837878    Bran  About -30  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
715 I837878    Bran  About -30  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
716 I837428    Brath  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
717 I837429    Breogan  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: psg.  savenije 
718 I816763    Briget  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
719 I870386    Brihtwyn  About 890  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
720 I31183    Brunichilde  About 545  613  hingerichtet (von Pferden zerrissen)  savenije 
721 I31183    Brunichilde  About 545  613  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
722 I825347    Bruttia Crispina  Date unknown  183  (oder 192) im Exil ermordet  savenije 
723 I825347    Bruttia Crispina  Date unknown  183  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
724 I870605    Bryenis  About 783  Date unknown  813 Senator
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
725 I832398    Budli  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: nord.  savenije 
726 I838843    Bukem  About -345  Date unknown  318 Sieger in der Schlacht der Nördlichen Xansi 318  savenije 
727 I796944    Bukki  About -1230  Date unknown  Religion: Jewish.  savenije 
728 I867085    Burchard  About 860  Date unknown  Urkunde 909
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
729 I796740    Bustanai  590  Date unknown  posthum  savenije 
730 I796740    Bustanai  590  Date unknown  Exilarch 642-660/65, wird nach Eroberung Persiens durch die Muslime vom Kalifen Ali zum Exilarchen eingesetzt
Religion: Jewish. 
savenije 
731 I847849    Buyuawa  Date unknown  Date unknown  Libyer in Herakleopolis  savenije 
732 I792874    Cäcilie  About 920  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
733 I825489    Caecilia  About -125  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
734 I824992    Caecilia  About -150  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
735 I825098    Caecilia  About -150  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
736 I818032    Caecilia  About 185  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
737 I824882    Caecilia Attica  July -55  Date unknown  oder 51  savenije 
738 I824882    Caecilia Attica  July -55  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
739 I816806    Caecilia Metella  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
740 I825028    Caecilia Metella  About -155  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
741 I825501    Caecilia Metella Calva  About -140  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
742 I816813    Caecilia Metella Dalmatica  About -120  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
743 I825631    Caecinia Antonia Sabina  About 275  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
744 I825137    Caecinia Lolliana  About 320  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
745 I825141    Caeionia Albina  About 368  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
746 I817819    Caeionia Auchenia  About 305  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
747 I818021    Caeionia Marina  About 260  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
748 I835070    Caeionius  About 102  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
749 I835068    Caeionius  About 150  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
750 I835067    Caeionius  About 175  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
751 I823096    Caeionius Proculus  250  Date unknown  cos. 289
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
752 I825135    Caeionius Rufius Albinus  About 345  Date unknown  PUR 389-391
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
753 I835066    Caeionus  About 200  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
754 I841990    Caepionia Crispina  Between  -5 and -1  Date unknown  BCE  savenije 
755 I841990    Caepionia Crispina  Between  -5 and -1  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
756 I842080    Caesaria  About 435  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
757 I868197    Caesaria  About 475  Date unknown  Äbtissin v. Arles 512-um 524
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
758 I868193    Caesaria  About 500  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
759 I868198    Caesarius  About 470  Date unknown  Bf. v. Arles 502-542
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
760 I868185    Caesarius  About 585  Date unknown  Bf. v. Nîmes
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
761 I834394    Caesennia Paetina  About -90  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
762 I835411    Caesennius  About -125  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
763 I835108    Caesia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
764 I870915    Caesius Bassus  About 30  Date unknown  angeblich beim Ausbruch des Vesuvs getötet  savenije 
765 I870915    Caesius Bassus  About 30  Date unknown  Urkunde 54/68, Freund des Dichters Aulus Persius Flaccus, der ihm seine 6. Satire widmete.
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
766 I848737    Caesonia  About 102  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
767 I792523    Caesonia Manilia  About 275  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
768 I848739    Caesonius  About 70  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
769 I848738    Caesonius  About 100  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
770 I837301    Cairenn  Date unknown  Date unknown  Skalvin
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
771 I817043    Caius Cassius Longinus  About -250  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
772 I824931    Calpurnia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Selbstmord  savenije 
773 I824931    Calpurnia  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
774 I825555    Calpurnia  About -25  Date unknown  BCE .  savenije 
775 I825555    Calpurnia  About -25  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
776 I834359    Calpurnia  About -54  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
777 I816834    Calpurnia  About -77  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
778 I835038    Calpurnia Fidiana Ceia Aemiliana  About 185  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
779 I825338    Calpurnia Lepida  About 90  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
780 I825560    Calventia  About -120  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
781 I825563    Calventius  Date unknown  Date unknown  Gallier aus Placentia, der sich in Rom ansiedelte
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
782 I818043    Camuria  About 80  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
783 I817922    Cantria Longina  About 45  Date unknown  Dichterin, Priesterin der vergöttlichten Iulia, der großen Mutter der Götter und der Isis, vermachte dem Staat 50.000 Sesterzen
Religion: Pagan 
savenije 
784 I840320    Cao Hua  Date unknown  Date unknown  Konkubine  savenije 
785 I840319    Cao XIan  Date unknown  Date unknown  Konkubine  savenije 
786 I850042    Capetus  Date unknown  Date unknown  König v. Alba Longa 937-924  savenije 
787 I850041    Capys  Date unknown  Date unknown  König v. Alba Longa 965-937  savenije 
788 I837875    Caradog  About 10  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
789 I847816    Cario  Date unknown  Date unknown  Urkunde um 762
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
790 I843245    Carissima  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
791 I22620    Carloman  About 555  Date unknown  Hausmeier von Austrien
Religion: Roman Catholic 
savenije 
792 I30335    Cartamena  About 410  Date unknown  Religion: Roman Catholic  savenije 
793 I872041    Caser  Date unknown  Date unknown  Religion: germ.  savenije 
794 I825694    Cassia Lepida  About 80  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
795 I816896    Cassia Longina  About 35  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
796 I835043    Cassia Maximilla  About 125  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
797 I825666    Cassia Paterna  About 160  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
798 I842123    Cassius  About 135  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
799 I837897    Cassius Lepidus  About 55  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 
800 I817041    Cassius Longinus  About -190  Date unknown  Religion: Pagan  savenije 


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