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Beograd, Srbija



Wikipedia links for
Beograd, Srbija
[Beograd] [Srbija]
 
 


Notes:
Belgrade (Serbian: Београд or Beograd)is the capital and the largest city of Serbia. The first settlements in the area of Belgrade emerged in prehistoric Vinča in 4800 BC. The site of the city was settled in the 3rd century BC by the Celts, before becoming the Roman settlement of Singidunum. The Slavic name Beligrad (a form of Beograd, literally meaning White City) was first recorded in 878 AD. It first became the capital of the Serbian KiKingdom of Syrmia in 1284; the Serbian Despotate was governed from the city from 1403, while in modern times it was the capital of the various incarnations of Yugoslavia from 1918 until 2003, as well as of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 until 2006.

The city lies at the confluence of the Sava and Danube Rivers in north central Serbia, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkan peninsula. The population of Belgrade, according to the Serbian census of 2002, is 1,576,124. It is the largest city on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, and by population ranks fourth in South Eastern Europe behind Istanbul, Athens and Bucharest.

Belgrade has the status of a separate territorial unit in Serbia, with its own autonomous city government. Its territory is divided into 17 municipalities, each of which has its own local council. Belgrade spreads over 3.6% of the territory of Serbia, and 21% of the Serbian population (excluding that of the Kosovo province) lives in the city. It is the central economic hub of Serbia, and the capital of Serbian culture, education and science.

The Vinča culture existed in or near Belgrade and dominated the Balkans about 7,000 years ago. Settled in the 3rd century BC by the Celts before becoming the Roman settlement of Singidunum, the site passed to the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire.

Middle Ages

Singidunum experienced occupation by successive invaders of the region—Huns, Sarmatians, Ostrogoths and Avars—before the arrival of the Slavs (Serbs) around 630. The first record of the Slavic name Beograd dates back to 878, during the rule of the First Bulgarian Empire. For about four centuries the city remained a subject of warfare between Byzantium, Royal Hungary and the First Bulgarian Empire. It finally passed to Serbian rule as a part of the Kingdom of Syrmia in 1284. The first Serbian king to rule over Belgrade was Dragutin (1276–1282), the ruler of the Kingdom of Syrmia, who received it as a gift from his father-in-law, the Hungarian king Ladislav IV.

"I cometh and found the noblest burgh from ancient times, the grand town of Belgrade, by sorry fate destroyed and nearly void. Having rebuilt it, I consecrated it to the Holy Mother of God".'

—Despot Stefan Lazarević on Belgrade in 1420

Following great losses at the Battle of Maritsa in 1371 and the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Serbian Empire began to crumble, the south being conquered by the Ottoman Empire. However, the north resisted in the form of the Serbian Despotate, whiich had Belgrade as its capital. The city flourished under Despot Stefan Lazarević, son of the famous Serbian ruler Lazar Hrebeljanović. Its ancient walls were refortified, along with its castles, harbours and churches, which helped the Despotate to avoid surrender to the Ottoman Turks for almost 70 years. At that time Belgrade became a haven for many Balkan peoples escaping Ottoman control. It is thought that the city had a population of some 40-50,000 at this time. During tthe reign of Đurađ Branković, most of the Serbian Despotate fell to the Ottomans, but Belgrade itself invited in Hungarian kings for protection. The Ottomans, however, wanted to conquer Belgrade as it presented an obstacle to their further advance into central Europe. They attacked in 1456, leading to the famous Siege of Belgrade where the Christian army under John Hunyadi successfully defended the city from the Ottomans.

Turkish conquest

Under Suleyman the Magnificent, on 28 August 1521, the fort was captured by the Ottoman Empire. The city was largely razed to the ground by the conquering Ottomans. For the next 150 years or so it was a peaceful town, and the seat of the district (sanjak). It attracted new traders and inhabitants - Turks, Armenians, Greeks, Ragusan traders, and others. It is thought that the city's population was around the 100,000 mark in the 17th century. It became more of an Oriental town, with Ottooman architecture and many new mosques. It was affected by a major Serb rebellion in 1594 (the Banat Uprising), which was crushed by the Turks, who burned churches and the relics (mortal remains) of Saint Sava on the Vračar plateau, an event the Temple of Saint Sava was built to commemorate in more recent times.

Thrice occupied by Austria (1688-1690, 1717-1739, 1789-1791), it was quickly recaptured and substantially razed each time by the Ottomans. During this period, the city was affected by the two Great Serbian Migrations, in which hundreds of thousands of Serbs, led by their patriarchs, retreated together with the Austrians into the Habsburg Empire in 1690 and 1737-39, settling in today's Vojvodina and Slavonia. During the First Serbian Uprising the Serbian rebels held the city from January 8, 1806 to 1813, when it was retaken by the Ottomans. In 1817 it became the capital of the autonomous Principality of Serbia (except in the period from 1818–1841, when Kragujevac was the country's capital).

After independence

The capital was moved from Kragujevac to Belgrade by Prince Mihailo Obrenović, following the departure of the town's Turkish garrison in 1867. With Serbia's full independence in 1878 and its transformation into the Kingdom of Serbia in 18822, Belgrade once again became a key city in the Balkans, developing rapidly. Nevertheless, despite the opening of a railway to Niš, Serbia's second city, conditions in Serbia as a whole remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country, and in 1900 the capital had only 69,100 inhabitants. On the other hand, by 1905 the population had grown to more than 80,000, and by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, it had surpassed the 100,000 mark, not counting Zemun which then belonged to Austria-Hungary.

Auguste and Louis Lumière, the earliest filmmakers, held the first-ever screening of motion-pictures in the Balkans and Central Europe in Belgrade, in June 1896. Johann Strauss II performed in the city the same year.

In World War I, Austro-Hungarian monitors shelled Belgrade on July 29, 1914, and it was taken by Austro-Hungarian Army under General Oskar Potiorek on November 30 before re-taken by Serbian troops under Marshal Radomir Putnik on December 15. On October 9, 1915 Belgrade fell to German and Austro-Hungarian troops commanded by Field Marshal August von Mackensen after a prolonged battle between October 6-9, 1915 that destroyed much of the city. The city was liberated by Serbian and French troops on November 5, 1918 under the command of Marshal Louis Franchet d'Espérey of France and Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia. After the war Belgrade experienced faster growth and significant modernisation as the capital of the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia during the 1920s and 1930s, growing in population to 239,000 by 1931 (incorporating the suburb of Zemun, formerly in Austria-Hungary), and 320,000 by 1940: the population growth rate between 1921 and 1948 averaged 4.08% a year. In 1927, Belgrade's first airport opened and in 1929, its first radio station began operation. In 1935, the Danube - Pančevački bridge was opened. On March 25, 1941, the government of the Regent, Crown Prince Paul signed the Tripartite Pact, joining the Axis powers in an effort to stay out of the Second World War. This was immediately followed by mass protests in Belgrade and a military coup d'état led by the Air Force commander, General Dušan Simović, who proclaimed King Peter to be of age to rule the realm. Consequently, the city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe on April 6-7,1941, killing thousands of people; most estimates maintain at least 17,500 were killed. Yugoslavia was invaded by German, Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian forces and the western suburbs were incorporated into a Nazi puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia. During the summer and fall of 1941, in reprisal to guerrilla attacks, the Germans carried out several massacres of cittzens from Belgrade; in particular, members of Belgrade's Jewish community were subject to mass shootings at the order of General Franz Böhme, the German Military Governor of Serbia. Böhme enforced the rule that for every German killed, 100 Serbs or Jews would be shot with a great deal of vigor. Belgrade was the location of a puppet government headed by General Milan Nedic during World War II. The city was bombed by the Allies as well, on April 16-17 1944, killing about 1,600 people. Both bombings happened to fall on Orthodox Christian Easter. Most of the city remained under German occupation until October 20, 1944, when it was liberated by Communist Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army. On November 29, 1945, Marshal Josip Broz Tito proclaimed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in Belgrade. In 1946, Colonel Draža Mihailović was tried and executed in Belgrade. In the post-war period Belgrade grew rapidly as the capital of the renewed Yugoslavia, developoping as a major industrial centre. In 1958, Belgrade's first Television station began broadcasting. In 1961, the conference of Non-Aligned Countries was held in Belgrade under Tito's chairmanship. In 1968, major student protests against Tito led to several street clashes between students and the police. In March 1972, Belgrade was at the centre of the last major outbreak of smallpox in Europe, which was contained with enforced quarantine and mass vaccination by late May.

Post-communist history

On March 9, 1991, massive demonstrations led by Vuk Drašković were held against Slobodan Milošević in the city. Two people – 17-year-old high school student Branivoje Milinović and policeman Nedeljko Kosović – were killed, 203 people were injured, and 108 were arrested in the protests. According to various media outlets, there were between 100,000 and 150,000 people on the streets that day. Later that day, tanks were deployed onto the streets to restore order.

After alleged electoral fraud at local elections, protests were held in Belgrade from November 1996 to February 1997 against the government of Slobodan Milošević. These protests brought Zoran Đinđić to power as the first mayor of Belgrade that belonged to the democratic party of Serbia in the post-communist period.

The NATO bombing caused substantial damage to the city during the Kosovo War in 1999. Among the sites bombed were the buildings of several ministries, the RTS (Radio Television of Serbia) building, which killed 16 technicians, several hospitals, the Jugoslavija Hotel, the Central Committee building, the Avala TV Tower, and the Chinese embassy.

After elections in 2000, Belgrade was the site of major demonstrations with over half a million people on the streets (800,000 by police estimates, over 1,000,000 according to Misha Glenny) which caused the ouster of president Milošević.

City/Town : Latitude: 44.8162, Longitude: 20.4816


Birth

Matches 1 to 6 of 6

   Last Name, Given Name(s)    Birth    Person ID   Tree 
1 Belinfante, Joseph Cohen  About 1620Beograd, Srbija I82291 Veenkoloniale voorouders 
2 Belinfante, Joseph Cohen  1678Beograd, Srbija I82472 Veenkoloniale voorouders 
3 Belinfante, Meir Hayyim  1653Beograd, Srbija I82288 Veenkoloniale voorouders 
4 Belinfante, Zaddik Cohen  1675Beograd, Srbija I82284 Veenkoloniale voorouders 
5 Carre, Oscar  1846Beograd, Srbija I561931 Veenkoloniale voorouders 
6 Danon, Reina Aben  1652Beograd, Srbija I82289 Veenkoloniale voorouders 

Death

Matches 1 to 1 of 1

   Last Name, Given Name(s)    Death    Person ID   Tree 
1 Belinfante, Joseph Cohen  Before 1688Beograd, Srbija I82291 Veenkoloniale voorouders 

Marriage

Matches 1 to 1 of 1

   Family    Marriage    Family ID   Tree 
1 Belinfante / Danon  1676Beograd, Srbija F48469 Veenkoloniale voorouders 

Calendar

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