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Syria (Arabic: سوريا Sūriyā or سورية Sūriyah), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية ), is a country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon, the Mediterranean Sea and the island of Cyprus to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north. The modern state of Syria was formerly a French mandate and attained independence in 1946, but can trace its roots to the fourth millennium BC; its capital city, Damascus, was the seat of the Umayyad Empire and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Empire.

Since 1963 the country has been governed by the Baath Party; the head of state since 1970 has been a member of the Assad family. Syria's current President is Bashar al-Assad, son of Hafez al-Assad, who held office from 1970 until his death in 2000. Since the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel occupied the Golan Heights.

Etymology

The name Syria derives from the ancient Greek name Syrians, Σύροι Syroi, which the Greeks called the Assyrians. It is likely a cognate of Ἀσσυρία, Assyria, ultimately derived from the Akkadian Aššur. There have been alternative proposals, but academic mainstream favours the connection. The question has a certain importance in the Assyrian naming dispute.

Classically, Syria lies at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Arabia to the south and Cilicia to the north, stretching inland to include Mesopotamia, and having an uncertain border to the northeast that Pliny the Elder d describes as including, from west to east, Commagene, Sophene, and Adiabene, "formerly known as Assyria". By Pliny's time, however, this larger Syria had been divided into a number of provinces under the Roman Empire (but politically independent from each other): Judaea, later renamed Palaestina in AD 135 (the region corresponding to modern day Palestine and Israel, and Jordan) in the extreme southwest, Phoenicia corresponding to Lebanon, with Damascena to the inland side of Phoenicia, Coele-Syria (or "Hollow Syria") south of the Eleutheris river, and Mesopotamia

Ancient history

Archaeologists have demonstrated that civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth. Around the excavated city of Ebla in northern Syria, an Italian mission leaded by Prof. Paolo Matthiae discovered in 1975, a great Semitic empire spread from the Red Sea north to Turkey and east to Mesopotamia from 2500 to 2400 B.C. Ebla appears to have been founded around 3000 BC and gradually built its empire through trade with the cities of Sumer and Akkad, as well as with peoples to the northwest. Gifts from Pharoah found during excavations confirm Ebla's contact with Egypt. Scholars believe the language of Ebla to be among the oldest known written Semitic languages. The Eblan civilization was likely conquered by Sargon of Akkad around 2260 BC; the city was restored as the nation of the Amorites a few centuries later and flourished through the early second millennium BC until conquered by the Hittites.

Syria in antiquity

During the second millennium BC, Syria was occupied successively by Canaanites, Phoenicians, and Arameans as part of the general disruptions associated with the Sea Peoples. The Hebrews eventually settled south of Damascus, in the areas later knknown as Palestine; the Phoenicians settled along the coastline of these areas as well as in the west, in the area (Lebanon) already known for its cedars. Egyptians, Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Hittites variously occupied the strategic ground of Syria during this period, as it was a marchland between their various empires. Eventually the Persians took control of Syria as part of their general control of Southwest Asia; this control transferred to the Greeks after Alexander the Great's conquests and thence to the Romans and the Byzantines.

Syria was an important Roman province from 64 BC.

In the Roman period, the great city of Antioch (called "the Athens of the east" at that time) was the capital of Syria. It was one of the largest cities in the ancient world, with a total estimated population of 500,000, as well as one of the largest centers of trade and industry. As one of the wealthiest and more populous provinces of the Roman Empire, it is estimated that the population of Syria in the early Roman Empire was only exceeded in the 19th century.

In the 3rd century Syria was home to Elagabalus, a Roman emperor of the Severan dynasty who reigned from 218 to 222. Elagabalus' family held hereditary rights to the priesthood of the sun god El-Gabal, of whom Elagabalus was the high priest at Emesa (modern Homs) in Syria.

Eblan civilization

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Birth		Person ID	Tree
1	Flavius Afranus Hannibalianus	About 245	Sūriyā	I816693	Veenkoloniale voorouders
2	as Sūriyā, Koningin Kleopátra I	About -204	Sūriyā	I229984	Veenkoloniale voorouders
3	as Sūriyā, Koningin Laodike VI	About -175	Sūriyā	I249211	Veenkoloniale voorouders
4	as Sūriyā, Nysa	About -195	Sūriyā	I249207	Veenkoloniale voorouders

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Death		Person ID	Tree
1	Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus	60	Sūriyā	I834920	Veenkoloniale voorouders
2	min Miṣr, Pharao Ptolemaios VI	-145	Sūriyā	I230052	Veenkoloniale voorouders

	Family		Family ID	Tree
1	Makedonía / Sūriyā	Sūriyā	F98421	Veenkoloniale voorouders
2	Póntos / Sūriyā	Sūriyā	F98420	Veenkoloniale voorouders
3	Sūriyā / Póntos	Sūriyā	F74812	Veenkoloniale voorouders
4	Sūriyā / Sūriyā	Sūriyā	F98418	Veenkoloniale voorouders
5	Sūriyā / Sūriyā	Sūriyā	F98417	Veenkoloniale voorouders