Jerusalem, Israel: Veenkoloniale Genealogieën

Notes:
Jerusalem (Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (help·info), Yerushaláyim; Arabic: القُدس (help·info), al-Quds)ii is the capital and largest citty of Israel in both population and area, with 732,100 residents in an area of 126 square kilometers (49 sq mi). Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern tip of the Dead Sea, the city has a history that goes back as far as the 4th millennium BCE, making it one of the oldest cities in the world. Jerusalem has been the holiest city in Judaism and the spiritual center of the Jewish people since the 10th century BCE. The city contains a number of significant ancient Christian sites and is considered the third-holiest city in Islam.

The walled area of Jerusalem, which constituted the entire city until the 1860s, is now called the Old City, and was added to the List of World Heritage Sites in danger in 1982. The Old City has been traditionally divided into four quarters, altlthough the names used today—the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters—were only introduced in the early 19th century. Despite having an area of only 0.9 square kilometer (0.35 square mile), the Old City is home to several sites of key religious importance: the Temple Mount and its Western Wall for Jews, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for Christians, and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Muslims.

Modern Jerusalem has grown up around the Old City, with its civic and cultural hub extending westward toward Israel's urban center in Gush Dan. The Arab population resides in clusters in the North, East and South. Today, Jerusalem remains a bone of contention in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem (captured in the 1967 Six-Day War) has been particularly controversial, as Palestinians view this part of the city as the capital of a potential Palestinian state. The status of a "united Jerusalem" as Israel's "eternal capital" has not been officially recognized by most of the international community, and nearly all countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv.

Etymology

Although the precise origin of the Hebrew name for Jerusalem, Yerushalayim remains uncertain, scholars have come up with a variety of interpretations. Some say it means "legacy of peace" — a portmanteau of yerusha (legacy) and shalom (peace). "S"Shalom" is a cognate of the Hebrew name "Shlomo," i.e., King Solomon," the builder of the First Temple. Alternatively, the second part of the portmanteau could be Salem (Shalem literally "whole" or "in harmony"), an early name for Jerusalem thahat appears in the Book of Genesis. Others cite the Amarna letters, where the Akkadian name of the city appears as Urušalim, a cognate of the Hebrew Ir Shalem. Some believe there is a connection to Shalim, the beneficent deity known from Ugaritic myths as the personification of dusk.

A Midrashic interpretation in Genesis Rabba explains that Abraham came to the city that was then called Shalem after rescuing Lot. Upon arrival, he asked the king and high priest Melchizedek to bless him, and Melchizedek did so in the name of God (indicating that he, like Abraham, was a monotheist). This encounter between Melchizedek and Abraham was commemorated by renaming the city in their honor: the name Yeru (derived from Yireh, the name Abraham gave to the Temple Mount) was combined with Shalem, producing Yeru-Shalem, meaning the "city of Shalem," or "founded by Shalem." If shalem means "complete," or "without defect, " Yerushalayim would mean the "perfect city," or "the city of he who is perfect". The ending -im indicates the plural in Hebrew grammar and -ayim the dual, leading to an interpretation of the name as representing two facets of the city, such as two hills. The pronunciation of the last syllable as -ayim appears to be a late development, which had not yet appeared at the time of the Septuagint.

History

Ceramic evidence indicates the occupation of Ophel, within present-day Jerusalem, as far back as the Copper Age, c. 4th millennium BCE, with evidence of a permanent settlement during the early centuries of the Early Bronze Age, c. 3000-2800 BCE. Ann Killebrew has shown how Jerusalem was a large and important walled city in the MB IIB and IA IIC (ca. 1800-1550 and 720-586 BCE), during the intervening Late Bronze (LB) and IA I and IIA/B Ages Jerusalem was a small and relatively insignificant and unfortified town. The earliest written references to the city are probably in the Berlin and Brussels groups of Execration Texts (c. 19th century BCE) (which refer to a city called Roshlamem or Rosh-ramen) and the Amarna letters (c. 14th century BCE). Some archaeologists, including Kathleen Kenyon, believe Jerusalem as a city was founded by West Semitic people with organized settlements from around 2600 BCE. According to tradition the city was founded by Shem and Eber, ancestors of Abraham. The Biblical account portrays the Jebusites as having control of the city, inhabiting the area around the present-day city until the late 11th century BCE when David is said to have invaded and conquered their city, Jebus, and established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah (c. 1000s BCE).iv Recent excavations of a large stone structure are interpreted by some archaeologists as lending credence to the biblical narrative.

Temple periods

Hebrew Bible, David reigned until 970 BCE, when his son Solomon became king of Israel. Within a decade, Solomon began to build the Holy Temple on Mount Moriah inside the city. Solomon's Temple (later known as the First Temple), went on to play a pivotal role in Jewish and Christian history as the repository of the Ark of the Covenant. The next four centuries, up until the destruction of Solomon's Temple (c. 586 BCE), are known in history as the First Temple Period. Upon Solomon's deeath (c. 930 BCE), the ten northern tribes split off to form the Kingdom of Israel. Under the leadership of the House of David and Solomon, Jerusalem remained the capital of the Kingdom of Judah. When the Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israeael in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. The First Temple period ended around 586 BCE, as the Babylonians conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and laid waste to Solomon's Temple. However, since most claims of the Fall of Jerusalem are gathered from the Ptolemaic records, which some dates have been found to be erroneous; Some point to the Destruction of Jerusalem occurring in 607 BCE. This would be about 70 years prior to 538-537 dates of the conquest of Babylon from the Persians and hence the Restoration of the Jews.

In 538 BCE, after fifty years of Babylonian captivity, Persian King Cyrus the Great permitted the Jews to return to Judah to rebuild Jerusalem and their holy temple. Construction of the Second Temple, was completed in 516 BCE, during the reign of Darius the Great, seventy years after the destruction of the First Temple. Jerusalem resumed its role as capital of Judah and center of Jewish worship. When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, Jerusalem and Judea fell under Helleenistic Greek control, eventually falling to the Ptolemaic dynasty under Ptolemy I. In 198 BCE, Ptolemy V lost Jerusalem and Judea to the Seleucids under Antiochus III. The Seleucid attempt to recast Jerusalem as a Hellenized polis came to a head in 168 BCE with the successful Maccabean revolt of Mattathias the High Priest and his five sons against Antiochus Epiphanes, and their establishment of the Hasmonean Kingdom in 152 BCE with Jerusalem again as its capital.

As Rome became stronger it installed Herod as a Jewish client king. Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. He built walls, towers and palaces, and expanded the Temple Mount, buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size. In 6 CE, the city, as well as much of the surrounding area, came under direct Roman rule as the Iudaea Province and Herod's descendantnts through Agrippa II remained client kings of Judea until 96 CE. Roman rule over Jerusalem and the region began to be challenged with the first Jewish-Roman war, the Great Jewish Revolt, which resulted in the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. In 130 CE Hadrian attempted to Romanize the city, and renamed it Aelia Capitolina. Jerusalem once again served as the capital of Judea during the three-year rebellion known as the Bar Kochba revolt. The Romans succeeded in recapturing the city in 135 CE and as a punitive measure Hadrian banned the Jews from entering it. Hadrian proceeded to rename the entire Iudaea Province to Syria Palaestina after the Biblical Philistines in an attempt to thwart future rebellion and to de-Judaize Judea.2

Shifts in control

In the five centuries following the Bar Kokhba revolt, the city remained under Roman then Byzantine rule. During the 4th century, the Roman Emperor Constantine I constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchrere. Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period: The city covered two square kilometers (0.8 sq mi.) and had a population of 200,000 From the days of Constantine until the Arab conquest in 638, Jews were banned from Jerusalem, but were allowed back into the city by Muslim rulers. By the end of the 7th century, an Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik had commissioned and completed the construction of the Dome of the Rock over the Foundation Stone. In the four hundred years that followed, Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region jockeyed for control.

In 1099, Jerusalem was besieged by the First Crusaders, who killed most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants, apart from many Christians. That would be the first of several conquests to take place over the next four hundred years. In 1187, the c city was taken from the Crusaders by Saladin. Between 1228 and 1244, it was given by Saladin's descendant al-Kamil to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Jerusalem fell again in 1244 to the Khawarizmi Turks, who were later, in 1260, replaced b by the Mamelukes. In 1517, Jerusalem and its environs fell to the Ottoman Turks, who would maintain control of the city until the 20th century. This era saw the first expansion outside the Old City walls, as new neighborhoods were established to relieve the overcrowding that had become so prevalent. The first of these new neighborhoods included the Russian Compound and the Jewish Mishkenot Sha'ananim, both founded in 1860.

In 1917 after the Battle of Jerusalem, the British Army, led by General Edmund Allenby, captured the city. The League of Nations, through its 1922 ratification of the Balfour Declaration, entrusted the United Kingdom to administer the Mandate o of Palestine and help establish a Jewish state in the region. The period of the Mandate saw the construction of new garden suburbs in the western and northern parts of the city and the establishment of institutions of higher learning such as the Hebrew University, founded in 1925.

State of Israel

As the British Mandate of Palestine was expiring, the 1947 UN Partition Plan (Part III) recommended "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a corpus separatum under the administration of the United Nations." However, this plan was never implemented and at the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem found itself divided between Israel and Jordan (then known as Transjordan). The ceasefire line established through the Armistice Agreement of 1949 between Israel and Jordan, cut through the center of the city from 1949 until 1967, during which time West Jerusalem was part of Israel and East Jerusalem was part of Jordan. In 1949, Israel designated West Jerusalem as its capital. Contrary to the terms of the Armistice Agreement of 1949 between Jordan and Israel, Israelis were denied access to Jewish holy sites, many of which were desecrated, and only allowed extremely limited access to Christian holy sites.

Following the 1967 Six-Day War Israel captured East Jerusalem, asserted sovereignty over the entire city, and later in 1980 declared Jerusalem, "complete and united", to be the capital of Israel. However, East Jerusalem has been seen by the Palestinian Arabs as a possible capital of a proposed Palestinian state. They also refer to Security Council resolution 252, which considers invalid expropriation of land and other actions that tend to change the legal status of Jerusalem. The status of the city and of its holy places remains disputed to this day.

Birth

Matches 1 to 7 of 7

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Birth		Person ID	Tree
1	Akkub	About -230	Jerusalem, Israel	I796831	Veenkoloniale voorouders
2	Hizkiah	About -255	Jerusalem, Israel	I796832	Veenkoloniale voorouders
3	Neariah	About -297	Jerusalem, Israel	I796833	Veenkoloniale voorouders
4	Salomo	About -997	Jerusalem, Israel	I796891	Veenkoloniale voorouders
5	Secheniai	About -370	Jerusalem, Israel	I796835	Veenkoloniale voorouders
6	Shemaia	About -335	Jerusalem, Israel	I796834	Veenkoloniale voorouders
7	Abdeen, Husny	1912	Jerusalem, Israel	I135974	Veenkoloniale voorouders

Death

Matches 1 to 26 of 26

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Death		Person ID	Tree
1	Athenais	Wednesday 20 October 460	Jerusalem, Israel	I816667	Veenkoloniale voorouders
2	Eudoxia	About 472	Jerusalem, Israel	I824776	Veenkoloniale voorouders
3	Jakobus	62	Jerusalem, Israel	I796803	Veenkoloniale voorouders
4	Jojada	About -802	Jerusalem, Israel	I796874	Veenkoloniale voorouders
5	Salomo	-926	Jerusalem, Israel	I796891	Veenkoloniale voorouders
6	Seraja	-587	Jerusalem, Israel	I850844	Veenkoloniale voorouders
7	Abdeen, Husny	Wednesday 10 October 1979	Jerusalem, Israel	I135974	Veenkoloniale voorouders
8	Abdeen, Suhayla	Tuesday 05 May 1987	Jerusalem, Israel	I135975	Veenkoloniale voorouders
9	d' Anjou, Sybille	About 1165	Jerusalem, Israel	I29978	Veenkoloniale voorouders
10	de Boulogne, Godefroy	Wednesday 18 July 1100	Jerusalem, Israel	I104633	Veenkoloniale voorouders
11	de Bourgogne, Aremburga	After 1016	Jerusalem, Israel	I29854	Veenkoloniale voorouders
12	Cadbury, Richard	1899	Jerusalem, Israel	I271000	Veenkoloniale voorouders
13	Fernhout, Johannes Hendrik	Sunday 01 March 1987	Jerusalem, Israel	I187698	Veenkoloniale voorouders
14	Haan, Jacob Israel Mr. Dr.	Monday 30 June 1924	Jerusalem, Israel	I195414	Veenkoloniale voorouders
15	ben Isai, David	-965	Jerusalem, Israel	I796895	Veenkoloniale voorouders
16	Kaufman, Henri Gottfried	Saturday 23 December 1950	Jerusalem, Israel	I252417	Veenkoloniale voorouders
17	de Metz, Hildegarde	Wednesday 01 April 1046	Jerusalem, Israel	I289410	Veenkoloniale voorouders
18	de Montmorency, Burchard III.	After 1124	Jerusalem, Israel	I793507	Veenkoloniale voorouders
19	von der Ostmark, Hidda	969	Jerusalem, Israel	I792721	Veenkoloniale voorouders
20	von Rheineck, Sophie	Sunday 26 September 1176	Jerusalem, Israel	I28246	Veenkoloniale voorouders
21	Rudelsheim, Alida Aviva Henriette	Saturday 21 November 2009	Jerusalem, Israel	I510445	Veenkoloniale voorouders
22	Spier, Amelia Sara	Friday 17 May 1996	Jerusalem, Israel	I252416	Veenkoloniale voorouders
23	Šl Šrl, Athalia	-840	Jerusalem, Israel	I796877	Veenkoloniale voorouders
24	de Urgel, Armengol II.	1038	Jerusalem, Israel	I793955	Veenkoloniale voorouders
25	Vaz Dias, Frederika Sophie	Friday 17 December 1976	Jerusalem, Israel	I28396	Veenkoloniale voorouders
26	shl Yəhūda, Herodes I.	March -4	Jerusalem, Israel	I816919	Veenkoloniale voorouders

	Family	Marriage		Family ID	Tree
1	Abdeen / Abdeen	1936	Jerusalem, Israel	F55111	Veenkoloniale voorouders
2	Anjou / Réthel	Sunday 02 June 1129	Jerusalem, Israel	F11656	Veenkoloniale voorouders
3	Belinfante / Pallons		Jerusalem, Israel	F48657	Veenkoloniale voorouders
4	Boulogne / Vasto	1113	Jerusalem, Israel	F309146	Veenkoloniale voorouders

Klik alstublieft hier om te lezen over de veranderde situatie

Jerusalem, Israel